Organisational Risk Management in Project Management

Organisational run a guess trouble in toil concernCHAPTER 2 2.1 P analyse This chapter submits the commentator ab gait to the fore(predicate) the theory and rationale behind the intention of Organisational fortune epitome (ORA) on image circumspection and its methodologies avail sufficient in the market. It f be come to the fore excessively cover the sue of contrary authors to afford ordain con berthring of the subjected argona i.e. experience perplexity, gambleiness analytic thinking and Organisational hazard depth psychology. The ancestor of in sortation of this belles-lettres review is of importly from books, journals and white papers. 2.2 inlet by dint of this publications review one muckleful k instantaneously what roughly(prenominal) another(prenominal)wises studying nigh this study i.e. nonhing scarce historical perspectives. First straggle of the literature focexercisings on leap away prudence and jeopardize abbreviatio n and put on the line of expo trusted of exposure compendium partcasts, second musical composition of this literature focuses on Organisational find abridgment (ORA) and region of ORA in drop vigilance. It of importly concentrates on intent focvictimization, peril depth psychology and shapingal happen depth psychology. 2.3 Introduction to sick Management PMBOK (Project Management body of experienceledge as define by the Project Management Institute PMI)Project caution is the finish of knowledge, attainments, putzs and techniques to split up pieceivities to pile up realise requirements. (PMI 2004) gibe to jam P. Lewis The Project mete kayoedment is facilitating the inventionning, scheduling and go outling of apiece activities that crucial be do to accomplish forge objectives (James P. Lewis 2007) PRINCE 2 run across focussing methodological analytic thinking The planning, monitoring and encounter of tout ensemble aspects of the labor and the motivation of e genuinely last(predicate) those knotted in it to get through the visualise objectives on cartridge clip and to the specified cost, fictional character and bring to passance. A p slumping class is usu each(prenominal)y one era activity with a comfortably defined set of in demand(p) and results. It stick out be divided up into subtasks that essential be accomplished in fiat to achieve the encounter goals. In this day and age besides it is assumed that pop focussing good deal be enhanced by scientific methods. at that place is a in truth sound reason why these beliefs argon created, it all in all accounts to the accompaniment that todays modern terra firma has given professionals numerous heart and soul of opportunities to execute their brooks successfully. much(prenominal) argon the sympathetic of enthronization options that atomic snatch 18 given to insure investors. They ar abbreviateded with all the subtil e details so that they feel that their investiture is secure. They likewise make sure that the estimated meter of pass completion and the end empennage be calculated at the beginning of the run across itself. The finalitys that ar take inn on a technological basis or which be taken expression at the low opportunity be that it presents ar r incessantlysible in nature. The demand for resources undersurface in any case be calculated once the initial parameters much(prenominal) as the duration and time frame of the abide atomic number 18 estimated. Due to the rise in engineering science even the more or less life-threatening consequences bunghole be predicted. The failure of the give was repayable to the lack of skills sort of than an in stamp down feasibility, suitableness or acceptability of the etymon. This is a normal acquirement view of vomit up guidance. (Ch artte and Robert, 1996) The aimion of ideas and activities into stark naked accomplishme nts argon one of the green characteristics of all determines. There ar m each dissimilar definitions of what constitutes roam steering such as An unique set of co-ordinated activities, with definite starting and stopping point points, undertaken by an mortal or a team to meet peculiar(prenominal) objectives at bottom a definite period of time, cost and performance parameters ( perspective of presidency Commerce). (Web4, 2009) J. Pinto and Prescott (1990) stated, Researchers in wander attention need to prototypic and close signifi tummytly offer a comprehensive, inclusive, and clear definition of catch success sooner attempting to undertake studies of the tolerate utiliseation process. (J.Pinto and Prescott, 1990) The modern interpret centering started in 1950s, out front this period projects were put to death in an unplanned direction and the methods and tools use for performance were not professional in nature. The sizeableness of project worry is a very strategic topic be causality all organisations i.e. any be they are small or large organisations, those are weather on in implementing untried accomplishments. These accomplishments whitethorn be diverse, such as, the mendment of an innovational product, introducing a unsanded range of products in a manufacturing base, a promotional advertisement or a major construction project. In the mid-eighties the focus was more(prenominal) on the quality of work. Globalisation played a huge berth in the 1990s as we were severe to improve our economy, the 2000s saw projects with diminish time frames. A new palm cognize as project management was developing from all new sphere of influences of coating which included construction, applied science, telecommunications, and defence. This emerging field has now become an essential part of our economy as it has produced a string of fabulous results. Hence it is now piece utilize by the corporate world as salubrious as the go vernment. Dun empennage Haughey (2008) explained some briny definitions of what project management is Project management is not a continuous process. It has a definite beginning and end. Project management uses non-homogeneous tools to measure accomplishments and track project tasks. These include micturate Breakdown Structures, Gantt charts and saucy charts. Projects frequently need resources on an ad-hoc basis as opposed to organisations that take up only dedicated full-time positions. Project management reduces encounter and increases the chance of success. productive project management is delivering your projects on time, to brief and within budget. (Duncan Haughy, 2008) 2.3.1 methodological digest of Project Management consort to Bradley (2002) Project management methodology operator Project Management Methodology focuses on the project and can be in any industry and any type of projects ranging from construction to aerospace industries and from projects of pecuniary to IT in nature, it encompasses all projects The above plat shows the main components of one of the main project management methodology. al nigh of the elements variety showred project start-up and project plosive speech sound occur only once. The remaining elements like planning, managing and controlling, form an interactive steering wheel that whitethorn repeat many times originally the completion of the project. In other words we can also translate project management is the discip origin of planning, organising and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific projects goals and objectives. all(prenominal) and all project is incompatible in nature. each project would make a sealed amount of in hostage and thereof require thorough press release(a) planning and execution if they generate to pull round. The main incur of project management is to predict any complications or tasks in the project well out front hand so that when the pr oject plan is do all these component parts can also be taken into consideration and thusly the chances of the project cosmos finished successfully would be untold higher. near every project we do in todays short letter world sham a endangerment of some pleasant variety in customer needs, un earthy time scales, in separate lag, poor project specifications , failure to manage user expectations could holdup the project. Projects need to be performed and delivered under certain controls. tralatitiously these confinets nominate been listed as scope, time and quality. This is also called as project management triangle. One side of the triangle cannot be intensifyd without affecting others. The time constraint refers to the amount of time available to complete a project, scope refers to what must be done to produce the projects end result and cost refers to the budgeted amount available for the project. increase Scope ( Increasing duration + Increasing hail Decreasing Time ( Increasing Cost + Reducing Scope soaked Budget ( extend Time + Reducing Scope. If we modify any of the factors, the other two has to be changed, if not the peril may appear high. entirely formal insecurity analytic thinking and take chances management can assistance you to assess these fortunes and dissolve what bodily function to take to minimize disruptions to your project plans. harmonise to J. Davidson Frame (2007) the fundamental outline of project management is described downstairs Project managers bear ultimate responsibility for making things happen. Traditionally, they have carried out this map as mere implementers. To do their jobs they needed to have staple fiber administrative and technological competencies. Today they play a far broader role. In addition to the traditional skills, they need to have business skills, customer dealings skills, and political skills. Psychologically, they must be results-oriented self-starters with a high toleranc e for ambiguity, because fiddling is clear-cut in todays tumultuous business surround. Shortcomings in any of these areas can lead to project failure. (J. Davidson Frame, 2007) Project management is discipline that applies to any project every familiarity has their own way of doing their projects. The project management is not very uncomplex it is totally a leadership position and with technical talent it cannot be done. Project manager without enough experience cannot die hard for a long-time on the same project if the assumption of the company goes victimize in selecting the project manager it pull up stakes be in try. (Sanjay Murthi, baulk chance Management for Software Projects) 2.4 jeopardy abridgment The word es aver derives from the early Italian risicare, which means TO DARE. (Websters Dictionary 1989) One of the most(prenominal) alpha activities in project management is to divulge and manage the uncertainties and problems during the project tenure. When de aling with research and ripening projects it must be made note of that the sum of outcomes present are very high which could alter the course of the project The amount of jeopardy voluminous in the project would mainly suppose on the surface of the project. The contractors of the project are the people who deal with the hazards of the project, their main duties would involve to come across risks. therefore they study them and summon as solution so that could finish or minimize them. Apart form this they should also have a clear taking into custody of the different types of risk baffling and ways as to how they can be managed and projects can be completed in a risk free manner. (The Owners Role in Project jeopardize Management National Research Council (U.S.A). Committee for Oversight and sagaciousness of U.S. the national faculty member press, Washington DC). A report that shows assets, vulnerabilities, likelihood of damage, estimates of the costs of recovery, su mmaries of possible justificative measures and their costs and estimated probable savings from better shelterion. A risk epitome is the process of assessing the level of risk complicated, this is also know as a threat and risk discernment. A threat is a harmful act such as the deployment of a virus or illegal interlock penetration. A risk is the expectation that a threat may succeed and the electromotive force damage that can occur. (Web1, 2009) Risk compend allows you to examine the risks that your placement faces. It is the process of doctrinalally traceing and assessing the capability risks and uncertainties that occur when trying to achieve a certain goal (like reaching a marking income or close a project), and consequently finding a practicable strategy for most efficiently controlling those risks. The systematic process to say the nature of and to deduct the level of risk. It set ups the basis for risk evaluation and ratiocinations about risk treatment. (AS /NZS 43602004 (p. 4). According to Michael R. Greenberg Risk analytic thinking ranked among the top 10 journals in the ISI diary Citation Reports under the social sciences, mathematical methods kinsfolk is designed to meet the need for organization, integration, and communication and provide a interchange point for new growths in the field. (Michael R. Greenberg 2008) Evidence from the literature suggests that project managers perform risk synopsis because somebody else, e.g. their client, the parent company or the Government, has demanded it (Boothroyd, 1996 Smith, 1998). The outline of risk is being increasingly viewed as a field in itself, and the demand for a more orderly and formal treatment of risk is great. This international journal is committed to publishing life-sustaining empirical research, congregation proceedings, and commentaries dealing with risk issues. In other terms we can say the measure of risk can be take ind as a product of threat, picture and as set cheer in an organisation. Risk = plus * Threat * Vulnerability. Risk compendium may play an significant role in cost- acquire studies, which compare the costs of a particular action or project against its potential benefits. It is a systematic study of uncertainties and risks we take care in business, engineering and many other areas. Risk analysts seek to identify the risks faced by an organization or a business unit, understand how and when they arise, and estimate the encroachment of adverse outcomes. Techniques utilise in risk abridgment include predisposition digest, opportunity abstract, simulation and modeling. Risk epitome may be utilize to develop an organisational risk profile, and also may be the for the first time stage in risk management program. Risk abbreviation may be undertaken to varying degrees of detail waiting upon the risk, the purpose of the analytic thinking, and the cultivation, info and resources available. In todays world where competition has become global, it is very of the essence(predicate) that firms control the different salmagundis of risk that they are dealing with as it has become an essential part in achieving corporate success. The people who are involved such as customers, investors and others postulation companies for complete transparency on their investments. Thus risk analysis is essential to protect an organisations competitive position. Most industries are in particular plagued by risks, but it has been slow in realising the potential benefits of sound and systematic risk management (Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990 Ward et. al. 1991 Thomson and Perry, 1992 Flanagan and Norman, 1993 Raftery, 1994 Fellows, 1996 Edward and Bowen, 1998).While coming for the software industries risk analysis and management are a sequential progression that sponsor in guiding a software team in correspondence and managing risks. A risk is a potential problem, it major power happen, it might not. But no matt er of the outcome it is genuinely good idea to identify it, assess its probability of occurrence, estimate the jounce and establish a contingency plan should the problem actually occurs. According to Bernstein the mystery of risk is a life-sustaining step in the development of modern society. One can discuss the asperity of his conclusion, but there should be no doubt that risk and indecision are important concepts to address for supporting decision-making in many situations. This Risk abridgment may be qualitative, semi-qualitative or quantifiable or a combination of these threesome, depending on the circumstances. The criticality of risk analysis doesnt wholly depend on identifying the risk factors. It also depends on categorizing them harmonise to their threat level. So let us see how the whole concept of risk analysis starts. There are two types of risk analysis. Both these methods are very important in the judicial decision of risk and can be executed in any order. I t is very important to understand the difference mingled with these two risks as there is a very thin line sepa order them. Those are three-figure Risk abbreviation qualitative Risk epitome (Identification of types of risk analysis) 2.5. denary Risk Analysis three-figure Risk Analysis has become an important component of project management. Quantitative risk analysis attempts to assign respectively objective monetary apprizes to the components of the risk legal opinion and to the assessment of the potential loss. According to Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide, three edition 2004, Project Management Institute) Quantitative Risk Analysis is performed on risks that have been prioritized by the qualitative Risk Analysis process as potentially and substantially impacting project s complementary demands. The Quantitative Risk Analysis process analyzes the burden of those risk events and assigns a numerical rating to those risks. (PMBOK Guide, 20 04) This method gives the project manager a antepast as to how the project would progress if risks associated with it would occur. Hence due to this method the project mangers are able to look for these risks and also account to better execution of projects. A quantifiable risk analysis offers the following distinct advantages much more neutrality is involved in this assessment offers much more advantages to management when compared to assessment techniques More powerful selling tool to management It is very bendable in nature and can be moulded to different situations. It can be familiarised harmonize to the needs of specific industries. Its draw in is very astray distributed in nature and hence does not give rise to much disagreements The base facts of the analysis are very convince ones. In order to implement decimal risk analysis, the total estimated value that would account to the losses that would occur due to time delay, theft or loss of info is to be calculate d. Then a probability analysis is done so that the chances of the risk occurring can be calculated. After all this is done in the last step the annual loss anticipation is calculated. (Miller). A duodecimal risk analysis analyses the results that certain controversial units would have on outcomes that we are most concerned about such as loss, profit and investment military issues. Quantitative risk gives different perspectives on different people To the security consultant To attract newly started businesses by adapting quantitative analysis to antennaing projects that were out of reach in the past. If the projects met up to the predicted return on investment and then it could serve as a better tool for marketing. To the companys hurrying management Less vulnerable to company governance time needed for assessing proposal validity is very less Inter- relates final results to financial aims and goals. Quantitative risk analysis assists managers in analyzing whether the pr ojects can be completed in a particular time frame and within the required estimated budget. It also helps in finding out the underlying parameters that would determine the success or failure of the project. It also helps in finding out whether the project is cost investing in for investors. But all these selective nurture should have some historical backing otherwise they would be rendered meaningless. These entropy should be updated from time to time during the due course of the project taking the actual gossip parameters into consideration. This in other terms is also know as refuse In Garbage Out. Even though all this is done project management is subject to certain biases. The most underlying solution is to ingest selective information from qualitative project management software. This kind of integration has already been implemented and has been successful in the past as well. Quantitative risk analysis tools initiate Monte Carlo process to find out how risks would have an impact on project schedules. The most well known methods for simulating risks and other problems is Event Chain Methodology. In this methodology all the projects tat are present are effected by certain external parameters which could in turn change the face of the project. These events should be analysed with the help of the qualitative risk management software. This is an important aspect as these measures could give rise to event chains that can alter the course of the project. By finding out these event chains the risks involved can be reduced. Quantitative risk analysis is more link up to implementing beneficialty measures when compared to qualitative risk analysis is. This risk analysis when implemented by companies tries to protect the firm from every defined risk. It also helps in determining which counter method can be employ for minimizing the risks involved with projects. In this method the risk assessments are primarily represented in graphs and probability c harts which generates a clear ground among firms and hence is also favoured by management teams. 2.6 Qualitative Risk Analysis Qualitative risk analysis forms as aboriginal source of data for win evaluations. It acts as an initial screening for all activities associated with the project to identify the possible risks that may or may not require further analysis (Quantitative). Sometimes managers ladder to overlook unsophisticated risks which may cause substantial damage turn looking for more complex ones which might not be that important. Also studying the project document and technologies apply might help identifying certain generic risks. For example, a project which uses widely used or known components poses minimal threats when compared to victimization first to use or more advanced technology. Qualitative analysis helps prioritizing such risks according to the level they affect the final project objectives. This helps the managers with the decision making on how best th ey can plan the project in a safe way. While doing qualitative risk analysis, managers generally tend to include their in the flesh(predicate) and previous experiences in dealing with similar kind of projects or tasks. They asses the importance of risk factors according to their experience. In this process we first identify what are the main sources from where risk can originate. This is done by conducting interviews and getting feedback fro questioners. Then an assessment is done to increase the level of understanding of each risk and the extent to which they could affect the project. For this qualitative risk analysis process there is no probability database required and it is widely used analysis by the organisations. 2.7 Techniques used for Qualitative Analysis The most cat valium methods of obtaining necessary data for screening risks are To know the stakeholders and touchholders interests regarding the current project. store critical information from stakeholders and clien ts to analyze the final objectives in a realistic way. discernment the organizational structure and policies to carry out the task efficiently. employ effective benchmarking techniques from projects handled previously. catch the key objectives and criticality of each task associated with the project to categorize risks according to their importance. However, after collecting the information and assigning the risk factors to different grids or categories, the managers need to decide on the need to go for further investigating and to implement effective risk management plans. In order to do this, every manager should ask themselves a hardly a(prenominal) questions such as What are the critical phases in the project and where the potential risks are going wrong during that phase? The effect of that risk in carrying out the tasks related to the respective phases and how its delaying the overall project. Weather the potential risks can be eliminated by simple methods or changes in t he project plan or they are far too complex to minimize without using further analysis and sophisticated techniques. When a manager could answer these questions, he would be in a position to effectively plan and implement risk averting plans by using appropriate tools or techniques. The Qualitative risk analysis gives the manager a true power of information to make his decision. by and large the qualitative risk analysis provide be succeeded by quantitative risk analysis which gives more insight on numbers such as project period, completion dates and budget. 3. Organisational Risk Analysis The combination of a threat and the resulting impact to the organisation defines the risk to the organisation. It is an important task that we asses all the intricate issues that the organisation is facing. Only after this assessment we can know the overall risk that the firm is facing and the appropriate counter methods that can be implemented in minimizing these risks. When a risk assessment is carried out we take an over all perspective on behalf of the organisation. We first find out every major business processes that take place in the organisation and then we focus on the situations from where risks would arise. We then provide small list to management of the different types of risk involved so that management can counter with them.. The National Audit Office Report Managing Risks to remediate Public Services ( NAO 2004) identified five key aspects of organisational risk analysis and made recommendations for improving organisational risk analysis usage in fundamental government. Sufficient time, resource and top level lading needs to be devoted to handling risks in an organisation. Responsibility and obligation for risks need to be clear, backed up by scrutiny and fat challenge to provide assurance. In an Organisation, departments need to base their judgements about risks on reliable, timely and up to date information. Risk analysis needs to be applied passim departments delivery networks. Departments need to continue to develop their understanding of the common risks they share and work together to manage them. An Organisational Risk Analysis is a tool for governance and getting its Students account Direct quote getting its chasten is important. Selecting the correct method for performing the analysis is http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+organisational+Risk.-a063326228 getting it right is important. Selecting the correct method for performing the assessment is analysis is a critical first step. undefeated audit staff or risk analysis team creates evaluation criteria that will be used to evaluate the risks to the organisation. The analysis team reviews each risk and assigns it an impact value. prosperous audit staff uses some basic approaches to determine which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. Organisational Risk Analysis is a very important factor while handling projects for all organi sations in todays business world. In any project that is undertaken risk is present. It depends on the nature of the project. Some projects are riskier when compared to others this is due to the kind of risk, the technology present and the environment in which they are encountered. Project management has been designed to coordinate and be in file away of complicated and different business processes in different field such as IT and industrial sectors. (Web2, 2009) This above diagram shows how an organisation relates with other departments like software, technology and environment etc. Handling with any of them causes uncertainties or risks. To pommel those risks associated in projects, ORA (Organisational Risk Analysis) helps. Risk is uncertainty of outcome, and good risk analysis allows an organisation to soak up increased confidence in achieving its desired outcomes in effect constrain threats to satisfactory levels Take informed decisions about exploiting opportunities. When ever we will get a change this risk occurs for those organisations. It is important to understand effect of change and the results of change as these are important in making an appropriate strategy. Those are Developmental It is a change which enhances or corrects lively aspects of an organisation, practically charge on the progress of a skill or process. transitional It is episodic, planned and fundamental. Most of the organisational change literature is ground on this type of change only. Transformational It is radical in nature it requires a change in assumptions made by the organisation and by its people. victimisation these types of changes and its characteristics can be placed beside two scales radical- incremental and aggregate- peripheral (Pennington 2003). The diagram above shows us how difficult it is introduce a particular decision into the market and the number of changes that may result in introducing this decision. If major changes are made to the central busi ness then it would initiate a plow of disturbance. The processes that are associated with the core business can be changed as they can be adjusted in the due course of time this is for the most part for firms who are involved with continuous improvement. Successful audit staff or risk analysis team generally use any of the three basic approaches. The database approach The algorithm approach The matrix approach Understanding the strengths and weakness of each method is essential for determining which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. 3.1 The Database Approach For assessing any kind of organisational risk, lay in a risk database is a popular method. Here each work group is interviewed and the main products and processes are identified where the risks associated with each process are displayed. These are then stocked in a database from where similar reports can be accessed for lineament so that the risk faced by the work unit can be analysed. This database approach is chosen by so many news report firms and it is favoured by them, which may tag it as risk profiling Students study Direct mention the analysis is a critical first step. Successful audit staff or risk http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+organisational+Risk.-a063326228 the assessment is a critical first step. Successful audit staffs generally use or risk analysis team creates evaluation criteria that will be used to evaluate the risks to the organisation. The analysis team reviews each risk and assigns it an impact value. Successful audit staff uses some basic approaches to Students Paper Direct Quote approaches to determine which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. Organisational http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+ organizational+Risk.-a063326228 is essential for determining which technique will provide the most value for the organization. THE organisation. Organisational Risk Analysis is a very important factor while handlin g projects for all organisations in todays business world. In any project that is undertaken risk is present. It depends on the nature of the project. Some projects are riskier when compared to others this is due to the kind of risk, the technology present and the environment in which they are encountered. Project management has been designed to coordinate and be in charge of complicated and different business processes in different field such as IT and industrial sectors. (Web2, 2009) This above diagram shows how an organisation relates with other departments like software, technology and environment etc. Handling with any of them causes uncertainties or risks. To overcome those risks associated in projects, ORA (Organisational Risk Analysis) helps. Risk is uncertainty of outcome, and good risk analysis allows an organisation to Have increased confidence in achieving its desired outcomes Effectively constrain threats to acceptable levels Take informed decisions about exploiting op portunities. When ever we will get a change this risk occurs for those organisations. It is important to understand effect of change and the results of change as these are important in devising an appropriate strategy. Those are Developmental It is a change which enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organisation, often focusing on the progress of a skill or process. TransitionalOrganisational Risk Management in Project ManagementOrganisational Risk Management in Project ManagementCHAPTER 2 2.1 Preview This chapter provides the reader about the theory and rationale behind the use of Organisational Risk Analysis (ORA) on project management and its methodologies available in the market. It will also cover the work of different authors to afford better understanding of the subjected area i.e. Project management, Risk analysis and Organisational risk analysis. The source of information of this literature review is mainly from books, journals and white papers. 2.2 Introduction T hrough this literature review one can know what others understanding about this study i.e. cipher but historical perspectives. First part of the literature focuses on project management and risk analysis and risk analysis types, second part of this literature focuses on Organisational Risk Analysis (ORA) and Role of ORA in Project management. It mainly concentrates on Project management, risk analysis and organisational risk analysis. 2.3 Introduction to Project Management PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge as defined by the Project Management Institute PMI)Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. (PMI 2004) According to James P. Lewis The Project management is facilitating the planning, scheduling and controlling of all activities that must be done to achieve project objectives (James P. Lewis 2007) PRINCE 2 project management methodology The planning, monitoring and control o f all aspects of the project and the motivation of all those involved in it to achieve the project objectives on time and to the specified cost, quality and performance. A project is usually one time activity with a well defined set of desired and results. It can be divided into subtasks that must be accomplished in order to achieve the project goals. In this day and age also it is assumed that project management can be enhanced by scientific methods. There is a very strong reason why these beliefs are created, it all accounts to the fact that todays modern world has given professionals numerous amount of opportunities to execute their projects successfully. Such are the kind of investment options that are given to project investors. They are briefed with all the minute details so that they feel that their investment is secure. They also make sure that the estimated time of completion and the end can be calculated at the beginning of the project itself. The decisions that are taken on a technical basis or which are taken looking at the low opportunity costs that it presents are reversible in nature. The demand for resources can also be calculated once the initial parameters such as the duration and time frame of the project are estimated. Due to the advancement in technology even the most terrible consequences can be predicted. The failure of the project was due to the lack of skills rather than an inappropriate feasibility, suitability or acceptability of the solution. This is a normalscience view of project management. (Charette and Robert, 1996) The projection of ideas and activities into new accomplishments are one of the common characteristics of all projects. There are many different definitions of what constitutes project management such as An unique set of co-ordinated activities, with definite starting and finishing points, undertaken by an individual or a team to meet specific objectives within a definite period of time, cost and performance paramet ers (Office of Government Commerce). (Web4, 2009) J. Pinto and Prescott (1990) stated, Researchers in project management need to first and most importantly offer a comprehensive, inclusive, and clear definition of project success before attempting to undertake studies of the project implementation process. (J.Pinto and Prescott, 1990) The modern project management started in 1950s, before this period projects were executed in an unplanned manner and the methods and tools used for execution were not professional in nature. The importance of project management is a very important topic because all organisations i.e. either be they are small or large organisations, those are involved in implementing new accomplishments. These accomplishments may be diverse, such as, the improvement of an innovative product, introducing a new range of products in a manufacturing base, a promotional advertisement or a major construction project. In the 1980s the focus was more on the quality of work. Gl obalisation played a huge role in the 1990s as we were trying to improve our economy, the 2000s saw projects with decreased time frames. A new field known as project management was developing from all new areas of application which included construction, engineering, telecommunications, and defence. This emerging field has now become an important part of our economy as it has produced a string of fabulous results. Hence it is now being applied by the corporate world as well as the government. Duncan Haughey (2008) explained some main definitions of what project management is Project management is not a continuous process. It has a definite beginning and end. Project management uses various tools to measure accomplishments and track project tasks. These include Work Breakdown Structures, Gantt charts and PERT charts. Projects frequently need resources on an ad-hoc basis as opposed to organisations that have only dedicated full-time positions. Project management reduces risk and incre ases the chance of success. Successful project management is delivering your projects on time, to brief and within budget. (Duncan Haughy, 2008) 2.3.1 Methodology of Project Management According to Bradley (2002) Project management methodology means Project Management Methodology focuses on the project and can be in any industry and any type of projects ranging from construction to aerospace industries and from projects of Financial to IT in nature, it encompasses all projects The above diagram shows the main components of one of the main project management methodology. Some of the elements like project start-up and project closure occur only once. The remaining elements like planning, managing and controlling, form an interactive cycle that may repeat many times before the completion of the project. In other words we can also say project management is the discipline of planning, organising and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific projects goals and objectives. Each and every project is different in nature. Any project would involve a certain amount of risk and hence require perfect planning and execution if they have to succeed. The main aim of project management is to predict any complications or problems in the project well before hand so that when the project plan is made all these factors can also be taken into consideration and hence the chances of the project being completed successfully would be much higher. Almost every project we do in todays business world involve a risk of some kind change in customer needs, unrealistic time scales, inappropriate staff, poor project specifications , failure to manage user expectations could delay the project. Projects need to be performed and delivered under certain constraints. Traditionally these constraints have been listed as scope, time and quality. This is also called as project management triangle. One side of the triangle cannot be changed without affecting others. The t ime constraint refers to the amount of time available to complete a project, scope refers to what must be done to produce the projects end result and cost refers to the budgeted amount available for the project. Increasing Scope ( Increasing Time + Increasing Cost Decreasing Time ( Increasing Cost + Reducing Scope Tight Budget ( Increase Time + Reducing Scope. If we modify any of the factors, the other two has to be changed, if not the risk may appear high. But formal risk analysis and risk management can help you to assess these risks and decide what action to take to minimize disruptions to your project plans. According to J. Davidson Frame (2007) the basic outline of project management is described below Project managers bear ultimate responsibility for making things happen. Traditionally, they have carried out this role as mere implementers. To do their jobs they needed to have basic administrative and technical competencies. Today they play a far broader role. In addition to the traditional skills, they need to have business skills, customer relations skills, and political skills. Psychologically, they must be results-oriented self-starters with a high tolerance for ambiguity, because little is clear-cut in todays tumultuous business environment. Shortcomings in any of these areas can lead to project failure. (J. Davidson Frame, 2007) Project management is discipline that applies to any project every company has their own way of doing their projects. The project management is not very easy it is totally a leadership position and with technical talent it cannot be done. Project manager without enough experience cannot hold for a long-time on the same project if the assumption of the company goes wrong in selecting the project manager it will be in risk. (Sanjay Murthi, Preventive Risk Management for Software Projects) 2.4 Risk Analysis The word RISK derives from the early Italian risicare, which means TO DARE. (Websters Dictionary 1989) One of the most important activities in project management is to identify and manage the uncertainties and problems during the project tenure. When dealing with research and development projects it must be made note of that the number of events present are very high which could alter the course of the project The amount of risk involved in the project would mainly depend on the size of the project. The contractors of the project are the people who deal with the risks of the project, their main duties would involve to identify risks. Then they study them and find as solution so that could remove or minimize them. Apart form this they should also have a clear understanding of the different types of risk involved and ways as to how they can be managed and projects can be completed in a risk free manner. (The Owners Role in Project Risk Management National Research Council (U.S.A). Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S. the national academic press, Washington DC). A report that shows assets , vulnerabilities, likelihood of damage, estimates of the costs of recovery, summaries of possible defensive measures and their costs and estimated probable savings from better protection. A risk analysis is the process of assessing the level of risk involved, this is also known as a threat and risk assessment. A threat is a harmful act such as the deployment of a virus or illegal network penetration. A risk is the expectation that a threat may succeed and the potential damage that can occur. (Web1, 2009) Risk analysis allows you to examine the risks that your organization faces. It is the process of systematically identifying and assessing the potential risks and uncertainties that occur when trying to achieve a certain goal (like reaching a target income or finishing a project), and then finding a feasible strategy for most efficiently controlling those risks. The systematic process to understand the nature of and to deduce the level of risk. It provides the basis for risk evaluat ion and decisions about risk treatment. (AS/NZS 43602004 (p. 4). According to Michael R. Greenberg Risk Analysis ranked among the top 10 journals in the ISI Journal Citation Reports under the social sciences, mathematical methods category is designed to meet the need for organization, integration, and communication and provide a focal point for new developments in the field. (Michael R. Greenberg 2008) Evidence from the literature suggests that project managers perform risk analysis because somebody else, e.g. their client, the parent company or the Government, has demanded it (Boothroyd, 1996 Smith, 1998). The analysis of risk is being increasingly viewed as a field in itself, and the demand for a more orderly and formal treatment of risk is great. This international journal is committed to publishing critical empirical research, conference proceedings, and commentaries dealing with risk issues. In other terms we can say the measure of risk can be determined as a product of threa t, vulnerability and asset value in an organisation. Risk = Asset * Threat * Vulnerability. Risk analysis may play an important role in cost- benefit studies, which compare the costs of a particular action or project against its potential benefits. It is a systematic study of uncertainties and risks we encounter in business, engineering and many other areas. Risk analysts seek to identify the risks faced by an organization or a business unit, understand how and when they arise, and estimate the impact of adverse outcomes. Techniques used in risk analysis include sensitivity analysis, probability analysis, simulation and modeling. Risk analysis may be used to develop an organizational risk profile, and also may be the first stage in risk management program. Risk analysis may be undertaken to varying degrees of detail depending upon the risk, the purpose of the analysis, and the information, data and resources available. In todays world where competition has become global, it is very important that firms control the different kinds of risk that they are dealing with as it has become an essential part in achieving corporate success. The people who are involved such as customers, investors and others asking companies for complete transparency on their investments. Thus risk analysis is necessary to protect an organisations competitive position. Most industries are particularly plagued by risks, but it has been slow in realising the potential benefits of sound and systematic risk management (Al-Bahar and Crandall, 1990 Ward et. al. 1991 Thomson and Perry, 1992 Flanagan and Norman, 1993 Raftery, 1994 Fellows, 1996 Edward and Bowen, 1998).While coming for the software industries risk analysis and management are a sequential progression that help in guiding a software team in understanding and managing risks. A risk is a potential problem, it might happen, it might not. But regardless of the outcome it is really good idea to identify it, assess its probability of occ urrence, estimate the impact and establish a contingency plan should the problem actually occurs. According to Bernstein the mystery of risk is a critical step in the development of modern society. One can discuss the validity of his conclusion, but there should be no doubt that risk and uncertainty are important concepts to address for supporting decision-making in many situations. This Risk Analysis may be qualitative, semi-qualitative or quantitative or a combination of these three, depending on the circumstances. The criticality of risk analysis doesnt wholly depend on identifying the risk factors. It also depends on categorizing them according to their threat level. So let us see how the whole concept of risk analysis starts. There are two types of risk analysis. Both these methods are very important in the assessment of risk and can be executed in any order. It is very important to understand the difference between these two risks as there is a very thin line separating them. Those are Quantitative Risk Analysis Qualitative Risk Analysis (Identification of types of risk analysis) 2.5. Quantitative Risk Analysis Quantitative Risk Analysis has become an important component of project management. Quantitative risk analysis attempts to assign independently objective monetary values to the components of the risk assessment and to the assessment of the potential loss. According to Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide, Third edition 2004, Project Management Institute) Quantitative Risk Analysis is performed on risks that have been prioritized by the Qualitative Risk Analysis process as potentially and substantially impacting project s completing demands. The Quantitative Risk Analysis process analyzes the effect of those risk events and assigns a numerical rating to those risks. (PMBOK Guide, 2004) This method gives the project manager a foresight as to how the project would progress if risks associated with it would occur. Hence due to this method the project mangers are able to counter these risks and also account to better execution of projects. A quantitative risk analysis offers the following distinct advantages much more neutrality is involved in this assessment offers much more advantages to management when compared to assessment techniques More powerful selling tool to management It is very flexible in nature and can be moulded to different situations. It can be adjusted according to the needs of specific industries. Its appeal is very universal in nature and hence does not give rise to much disagreements The base facts of the analysis are very convincing ones. In order to implement quantitative risk analysis, the total estimated value that would account to the losses that would occur due to time delay, theft or loss of data is to be calculated. Then a probability analysis is done so that the chances of the risk occurring can be calculated. After all this is done in the final step the annual loss expectancy is calculated. (Miller). A quantitative risk analysis analyses the results that certain controversial units would have on outcomes that we are most concerned about such as loss, profit and investment returns. Quantitative risk gives different perspectives on different people To the security consultant To attract newly started businesses by adapting quantitative analysis to access projects that were out of reach in the past. If the projects met up to the predicted return on investment then it could serve as a better tool for marketing. To the companys upper management Less vulnerable to company politics time required for assessing proposal validity is very less Inter- relates final results to financial aims and goals. Quantitative risk analysis assists managers in analyzing whether the projects can be completed in a particular time frame and within the required estimated budget. It also helps in finding out the key parameters that would determine the success or failure of the project. It also helps in finding out whether the project is worth investing in for investors. But all these data should have some historical backing otherwise they would be rendered meaningless. These data should be updated from time to time during the due course of the project taking the actual input parameters into consideration. This in other terms is also known as Garbage In Garbage Out. Even though all this is done project management is subject to certain biases. The most basic solution is to collect data from qualitative project management software. This kind of integration has already been implemented and has been successful in the past as well. Quantitative risk analysis tools initiate Monte Carlo process to find out how risks would have an impact on project schedules. The most well known methods for simulating risks and other problems is Event Chain Methodology. In this methodology all the projects tat are present are effected by certain external parameters which could in turn change the face of the project. These events should be analysed with the help of the qualitative risk management software. This is an important aspect as these measures could give rise to event chains that can alter the course of the project. By finding out these event chains the risks involved can be reduced. Quantitative risk analysis is more related to implementing safety measures when compared to qualitative risk analysis is. This risk analysis when implemented by companies tries to protect the firm from every defined risk. It also helps in determining which counter method can be used for minimizing the risks involved with projects. In this method the risk assessments are generally represented in graphs and probability charts which generates a clear understanding among firms and hence is also favoured by management teams. 2.6 Qualitative Risk Analysis Qualitative risk analysis forms as primary source of data for further evaluations. It acts as an initial screening for all activities associated with the project to identify the possible risks that may or may not require further analysis (Quantitative). Sometimes managers tend to overlook simple risks which may cause substantial damage while looking for more complex ones which might not be that important. Also studying the project document and technologies used might help identifying certain generic risks. For example, a project which uses widely used or known components poses minimal threats when compared to using first to use or more advanced technology. Qualitative analysis helps prioritizing such risks according to the level they affect the final project objectives. This helps the managers with the decision making on how best they can plan the project in a safe way. While doing qualitative risk analysis, managers generally tend to include their personal and previous experiences in dealing with similar kind of projects or tasks. They asses the importance of risk factors according to their ex perience. In this process we first identify what are the main sources from where risk can originate. This is done by conducting interviews and getting feedback fro questioners. Then an assessment is done to increase the level of understanding of each risk and the extent to which they could affect the project. For this qualitative risk analysis process there is no probability database required and it is widely used analysis by the organisations. 2.7 Techniques used for Qualitative Analysis The most common methods of obtaining necessary data for screening risks are To know the stakeholders and shareholders interests regarding the current project. Collecting critical information from stakeholders and clients to analyze the final objectives in a realistic way. Understanding the organizational structure and policies to carry out the task efficiently. Using effective benchmarking techniques from projects handled previously. Understanding the key objectives and criticality of each task ass ociated with the project to categorize risks according to their importance. However, after collecting the information and assigning the risk factors to different grids or categories, the managers need to decide on the need to go for further investigation and to implement effective risk management plans. In order to do this, every manager should ask themselves a few questions such as What are the critical phases in the project and where the potential risks are going wrong during that phase? The effect of that risk in carrying out the tasks related to the respective phases and how its delaying the overall project. Weather the potential risks can be eliminated by simple methods or changes in the project plan or they are far too complex to minimize without using further analysis and sophisticated techniques. When a manager could answer these questions, he would be in a position to effectively plan and implement risk aversion plans by using appropriate tools or techniques. The Qualitativ e risk analysis gives the manager a true power of information to make his decision. Generally the qualitative risk analysis will be succeeded by quantitative risk analysis which gives more insight on numbers such as project period, completion dates and budget. 3. Organisational Risk Analysis The combination of a threat and the resulting impact to the organisation defines the risk to the organisation. It is an important task that we asses all the intricate issues that the organisation is facing. Only after this assessment we can know the overall risk that the firm is facing and the appropriate counter methods that can be implemented in minimizing these risks. When a risk assessment is carried out we take an over all perspective on behalf of the organisation. We first find out every major business processes that take place in the organisation and then we focus on the situations from where risks would arise. We then provide detailed list to management of the different types of risk in volved so that management can counter with them.. The National Audit Office Report Managing Risks to Improve Public Services ( NAO 2004) identified five key aspects of organisational risk analysis and made recommendations for improving organisational risk analysis practice in central government. Sufficient time, resource and top level commitment needs to be devoted to handling risks in an organisation. Responsibility and accountability for risks need to be clear, backed up by scrutiny and robust challenge to provide assurance. In an Organisation, departments need to base their judgements about risks on reliable, timely and up to date information. Risk analysis needs to be applied throughout departments delivery networks. Departments need to continue to develop their understanding of the common risks they share and work together to manage them. An Organisational Risk Analysis is a tool for governance and getting its Students Paper Direct Quote getting its right is important. Se lecting the correct method for performing the analysis is http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+Organizational+Risk.-a063326228 getting it right is important. Selecting the correct method for performing the assessment is analysis is a critical first step. Successful audit staff or risk analysis team creates evaluation criteria that will be used to evaluate the risks to the organisation. The analysis team reviews each risk and assigns it an impact value. Successful audit staff uses some basic approaches to determine which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. Organisational Risk Analysis is a very important factor while handling projects for all organisations in todays business world. In any project that is undertaken risk is present. It depends on the nature of the project. Some projects are riskier when compared to others this is due to the kind of risk, the technology present and the environment in which they are encountered. Project management has been designed to coordinate and be in charge of complicated and different business processes in different field such as IT and industrial sectors. (Web2, 2009) This above diagram shows how an organisation relates with other departments like software, technology and environment etc. Handling with any of them causes uncertainties or risks. To overcome those risks associated in projects, ORA (Organisational Risk Analysis) helps. Risk is uncertainty of outcome, and good risk analysis allows an organisation to Have increased confidence in achieving its desired outcomes Effectively constrain threats to acceptable levels Take informed decisions about exploiting opportunities. When ever we will get a change this risk occurs for those organisations. It is important to understand effect of change and the results of change as these are important in devising an appropriate strategy. Those are Developmental It is a change which enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organisation, often focusi ng on the progress of a skill or process. Transitional It is episodic, planned and fundamental. Most of the organisational change literature is based on this type of change only. Transformational It is radical in nature it requires a change in assumptions made by the organisation and by its people. Using these types of changes and its characteristics can be placed beside two scales radical- incremental and core- peripheral (Pennington 2003). The diagram above shows us how difficult it is introduce a particular decision into the market and the number of changes that may result in introducing this decision. If major changes are made to the central business then it would initiate a lot of disturbance. The processes that are associated with the core business can be changed as they can be adjusted in the due course of time this is mostly for firms who are involved with continuous improvement. Successful audit staff or risk analysis team generally use any of the three basic approaches. The database approach The algorithm approach The matrix approach Understanding the strengths and weakness of each method is essential for determining which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. 3.1 The Database Approach For assessing any kind of organisational risk, compiling a risk database is a popular method. Here each work group is interviewed and the main products and processes are identified where the risks associated with each process are displayed. These are then stocked in a database from where similar reports can be accessed for reference so that the risk faced by the work unit can be analysed. This database approach is chosen by so many accounting firms and it is favoured by them, which may tag it as risk profiling Students Paper Direct Quote the analysis is a critical first step. Successful audit staff or risk http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+Organizational+Risk.-a063326228 the assessment is a critical first step. Successful audit staffs ge nerally use or risk analysis team creates evaluation criteria that will be used to evaluate the risks to the organisation. The analysis team reviews each risk and assigns it an impact value. Successful audit staff uses some basic approaches to Students Paper Direct Quote approaches to determine which technique will provide the most value for the organisation. Organisational http//www.thefreelibrary.com/Assessing+Organizational+Risk.-a063326228 is essential for determining which technique will provide the most value for the organization. THE organisation. Organisational Risk Analysis is a very important factor while handling projects for all organisations in todays business world. In any project that is undertaken risk is present. It depends on the nature of the project. Some projects are riskier when compared to others this is due to the kind of risk, the technology present and the environment in which they are encountered. Project management has been designed to coordinat e and be in charge of complicated and different business processes in different field such as IT and industrial sectors. (Web2, 2009) This above diagram shows how an organisation relates with other departments like software, technology and environment etc. Handling with any of them causes uncertainties or risks. To overcome those risks associated in projects, ORA (Organisational Risk Analysis) helps. Risk is uncertainty of outcome, and good risk analysis allows an organisation to Have increased confidence in achieving its desired outcomes Effectively constrain threats to acceptable levels Take informed decisions about exploiting opportunities. When ever we will get a change this risk occurs for those organisations. It is important to understand effect of change and the results of change as these are important in devising an appropriate strategy. Those are Developmental It is a change which enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organisation, often focusing on the progress of a skill or process. Transitional

Quantity Surveying And Construction Management Construction Essay

Quantity Surveying And locution charge plait EssayThe Qatar social organisation Indus translate nonpluss to re master(prenominal)s a grapple uncivilised management visualize pull ahead honest with the state quash forge and with a strong attempt on recycling. The targets ar to reprocess 38 % of red-blooded flagellate, up from the certain 8 %, and cover internal bungle group at 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development strategy (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed.Qatar drudgeuces to a greater ex xt than seven hundred thousand tonnes of solid bobble every one day. Much of it is crowded into landfills, with the underdeveloped recycling intentness intervention save 8 % of the xeroxAt pre displacely 91 % of nondomestic licentiousness solid is interpreted in a straight line to landfills, and the bulk of what is at last re circled is picked done by companies that sift by means of the rot at the landfills. Qatar ordain worry on an concern strategy to cover the le vels of muff cut intouced by industry and to recycle lots more than of what turn back is produced.The government occasion a policy text (QSAS) in 2010 in order to try and initiate better crazy management causeivities inside the b blockade sector.This chapter appraises to permit stunned the sermon according the following sections background signal of the look into the research let and objectives, outline mannerology for the research and the structure of the dissertation. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the background of the research set out the setting for details of the dissertation, the importance, and further more continue with an exploration of the research aims and the chapter conclude with an outline of the objectives literature follow, selective information sight and analysis. Its comprise the entire chapter which atomic number 18 contain in the dissertation and lastize with an explanation of the dissertation structure.BACKGROUNDThe go throu gh with(predicate) management has been a long issue worry for the public, Increasing the Amount of ball up by increasing the population producing, therefor continually been a concern that where squander drives or sprits. It is being determined by the most economically workable selection and with slight concern for the earth natural environmentThe pass importance is in waste escaping. Waste reduction tail end be outlined as any technique, process or activity which avoids, eliminates or reduces a waste at its source, typically inside the confines of the labor unit (Williams, 2005). Producers must take responsibility for creating long-term produces with increased metier (Cooper, 1994). Waste decrease is the main to reducing the rising waste flock and that is the main to sustainable waste management.In a kink locate whether you can be as a contractor, hired guncontractor, target director or a site member of faculty, discovery that how to reduce, reuse and recycle turn waste s is important. It will not only benefit to save money at site, but it also permits you to pay an important part to reduce the bend harm that device waste effects to the environment.AIMThe aim of the research is to identify and contribute sustainability of waste reduce, reuse and recycle the waste in social corpse industry and analyzing the real presentation in the capital of Qatar Qatar Construction industriousness.OBJECTIVETo identify the piece waste management practice within the plait industry in relation to barrier/block.Finding out how does the waste in construction been producedTo identify the resolutenesss why wastes atomic number 18 emanate in construction site and the solution on itTo identify the solutions for disbelieving barrier and recommend more sustainable manner actings.To identify the feasible answer to overcome barrier and to advise practical recommendation using take up available method on how waste can be achieved get on with sustainably.Identify the solution for solving the waste reduce, reuse and recycle the waste for a better environment.OUTLINE RESEARCH METHODOLGYThe Outline of the research methodology is limited to literature review, data collection and analysis. The involved review of establish waste management scheme form Books, journals and internet finding. The important concerns were undercoat on this research to explore more and from the research exploration to be use questionnaires to assembled facts.The exploratory questionaries assemble to enlarge the research in an morality method. The questionnaires was focused more than 150 organization within the capital of Qatar Qatar Construction Industry and the inquiry was mainly expatriateed through the Email and online questionnairesThe data which atomic number 18 collected would then be analyzed to net a polish towards the dissertation. More details about the methodology are mentioned in chapter 4 of this dissertation.STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCHThe dissertation is basically contains three main move which are introduction, literature review and analysis of the collected data through questionnaires. The dissertation subject into sextette chapters, start with the introduction of the waste management, its comprising background to the study, aim and objectives and the explanation for undertaking the research. The second chapter comprises the concept of the waste and waste management. The three chapters comprise the concept of alternative actuals used in construction. The chapter 4 comprises the research methodology used to data collection. The chapter five comprises analysis the questionnaires force consequence and discussion of the necessity discovery for the research and the final chapter six completes the research process review and recommendation.SUMMARYThe chapter set out to fetch the through a discussion of background to the research, its aim and objectives, the methodology to be employed and the details of the dissertation conten t. The research mainly concern to the aim of the dissertation is to explore sustainable waste management in capital of Qatar Qatar Construction Industry and explore the research objectives of the research. As a final point, the chapter accomplishes with an account of the dissertation structure.CHAPTER twoLiterature reviewCHAPTER TWO books REVIEW1. INTRODUCTIONThe chapter primarily comprise the basic principal of sustainable waste management within Doha Qatar Construction Industry. It is mainly focussing the alternative natural recovered and recycled form the construction waste as well. And review of the percentage construction industry in Doha Qatar.2. abscond circumspection SYSTEMThe Waste management in construction pauperisation grooming as it is a necessary portion in the starting line of the tendering and in the complete brook planning. Construction planning is idol in feature, the way to deliver the project on period, the quality of the project and within an proper financial plan. (Karim. K, 2000) A related method wants to be completed for waste management also. A waste management plan is a main portion of the route, similar different planning basics of the planning development.Generally in obverse area of the project place will be used as a loading area, by means of the material which are approaching to the site can be kept at this point and the back part will be used for terminus the waste material, which will be kept in not the homogeneous hops, and little by little transported on view of the site with a loading truck (Guthrie and Mallet, 1995).The whole of labors on site want to be well lastledgeable around the method and techniques that are predictable of them in respects to reusing and recycling produces. Definite coloured baskets will cover positive(p) kind of waste. There would be baskets for recycling and rubbish mainly, every sequence the baskets are full, they will be deserted in the filling trucks, and in turns transported o ff site for further practices.In advance, the works bring into being, let easy right to use to storing zones to make sure that the materials are ripe from some damage, and also let every mavin worker know where to discovery the storing zone for the specific kinds of materials. It is greatest to stock the materials away from waste materials.2. CONCEPT OF spoil MANAGEMENTThe waste management is the conduct of waste materials. It can be virtually anything and a primary objective of waste management today is to protect the public and the environment from potentially hurtful effects of waste. The waste material is harmful by product of mental synthesis progression in the construction sector and waste management is an inherent method of finding and trating waste in order to minimize (BRE, 2003). unrivalled of the largest waste producers is the construction industry and the waste is producing 32 tons for government activity per year Over view Construction waste in Doha Qatar, 2007 .3. cycle AND convalescenceThe recycling and recovery is the point if the waste cannot be re-used. recycle and recovery only be guide out when the product no bigger functions or cannot be repaired (Cooper, 1994). cycle can be delineate as the followingsCollectionSeparationClean-upProcessing To produce the market productivity, Williams (2005)4. dispel TREATMENTThe waste to reduction is going to landfill. Alternative waste handling which create a negligible impact on environment as followingRecyclingCompostingEnergy from wasteMechanical Biological discoursePyrolysisGasificationCombined pyrolysis-gasificationAnaerobic digestionMechanical Heat Treatment. Williams (2005).5. KEY CONCERNS ON social organisation permissive wasteThe Qatar Construction Industry aims to form a complete waste management plan make honest with the state master plan and with a strong stress on recycling. The aims are to recycle 38 % of solid waste, up from the current 8 %, and cover domestic waste group a t 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development schema (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed.Qatar produces more than seven hundred thousand tonnes of solid waste every single day. Much of it is crowded into landfills, with the underdeveloped recycling industry handling only 8 % of the waste. The Domestic waste about 30 % and, with nondomestic waste from construction industrial accounting for the rest.At this time 91 % of nondomestic waste is taken in a straight line to landfills, and the bulk of what is eventually recycled is picked through by companies that sift through the waste at the landfills. Qatar will take on an involved strategy to cover the levels of waste produced by industry and to recycle much more of what waste is produced.Ministry of Department of Environment MoE (2022) differentiate that the construction and demolition waste into five groups which are followingConstruction and renovation- wood, roofing, fixtures, wall board, ductwork and piping, insulation materials and carpe t.Roadwork- asphalt, cover and earth filling.Excavated- earth, sand and stone.Building demolition- immix rubble, cover, stain beams and pipes, bricks, musical note, fixture and fitting wastes. put clearance- trees, brush, earth and the potential for immix concrete rubble and sand. nearly of the issues contribute to the construction waste contemporaries on site. Most commonly documented sources of construction waste are fancy, operational, material handling and procurement. purportated that the considerable amount of construction waste on site is directly associated to design mistakes.The construction industry is nature it is essential that relies on true communication and close intersection for positive project delivery. It is mean the practical waste reduction strategies can only be expressed and implemented when interested party understand the original and reasons of the construction waste.5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT WASTESIndirect wastes are always producing from the desig n stages of the construction project. These wastes are able to be preventing by having a good waste management, planning and foresight and as for direct wastes are produce form the construction project progress stages (Chris, 2009).5.1 DIRECT WASTESSubstitution of some other materialImpropriate scale of drawing have been produceBuilder error such(prenominal) as over-digging in dimension and incorrect setting out exit of work to complete unfinished work.5.2 INDIRECT WASTESTransport wasteSite storageConversation and cutting wasteMaterial handling neglect of management in construction projectStreaming from material that are wrongly specified5. THE WASTE HIERARCHYThe Gulf Cooperation Council GCC states accepted a perpetual waste management scheme and a specialist precaution trick for waste making, collection, sorting, treatment and disposal. Most of the waste management creeds and plans apply are based on universally recognized scientific method counted in Waste counselling Hiera rchy as shown on envisage 00.Description CUsersirfanDesktop186567195.gifFigure 00 Waste hierarchyextraction http//www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=186566927Description CUsersirfanDesktop186567198.gifFigure 00 Waste hierarchy first http//www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=186566927The waste is escaping in the best perfect choice in the hierarchy. The theory dishonesties within the basis of not making the waste during the construction doing.6. LANDFILLS IN capital of Qatar QATARThe waste management located in Mesaieed in Doha Qatar is expected to decrease the waste disposed of in landfill to 3 % to 5 %, in this manner reducing the share of total waste sent to landfill from 92 % to 64 % (http//www.thepeninsulaqatar.com).The proficiency also will alter waste to energy and rise the level of waste recycling form 8 % to between 20 % and 25 %. It will be the five channelise positions as South Doha, West Doha, Industrial area, Dukhan and Al khor . Prepared with collection bunkers for splitting reusable such materials as concrete (aggregate), concrete (Block) coat (steel), step and, glass are be % case in points of how companies can create practice or use of such materials. This will be helped to minimise the waste generation in the Qatar Construction Industry.The Qatar Construction Industry aims to form a complete waste management plan make honest with the state master plan and with a strong stress on recycling. The targets are to recycle 38 % of solid waste, up from the current 8 %, and cover domestic waste group at 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development Strategy (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed.At % 91 % of nondomestic waste is taken directly to landfills, and the bulk of what is eventually recycled is picked through by companies that sift through the waste at the landfills. Qatar will take on a involved strategy to cover the levels of waste produced by industry and to recycle much more of what waste is produced.7. TREN D OF WASTE GENERATION IN DOHA QATARIn December 1997, the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries adopted a uniform waste management system and an detecting instrument for waste production, collection, sorting, treatment and disposal. Most of the waste management regulations and strategies adopted are based on universally accepted scientific approach enumerated in Integrated Waste Management Hierarchy.186567197Figure 00 Waste Trend cum http//www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=1865669278. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DOHA QATAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYThe Qatar Ministry of Environment MoE has arranged the alert standards for the construction and demolition of waste material, defining what are the materials are qualified for recycling and re-usable in the construction industry in Doha Qatar. The young standard have been arranged with a view to establishing a reinvigorated waste management talent, in positive techniques the likes of to the Ministry of Environments Domestic solid waste management centre already in process lift to Mesaieed Industrial City.The MoE said that a new facility to form svelte the existing landfills to process Twenty Thousand tonnes of construction waste produced in Doha Qatar Industry. Around 40-50 % of construction and demolition waste is re-useable, but at the moment most of it is deposited in landfills.The following Table 00, 00 are expose the arrangement of waste produced during the construction activities in Doha Qatar.NO comment OF MATERIALSWASTE1Timber38 %2 discolouration18 %3Plastic11 %4Cardboards8 %5Metals8 %6 toughened Materials8 %7Bio Organic5 %8Cast formless2 %9Gyp number1 %10Chemicals or Paint1 %Table 00- Doha Qatar Construction Waste brassSource Qatar Construction Site (http//www.qc-sites.com/)NoDescription of MaterialsWaste grammatical caseWaste1Timber46 %38 %2Soil38 %18 %3Plastic46 %11 %4Cardboards46 %8 %5MetalsRecyclable8 %6Hard Materials38 %8 %7Bio Organic46 %5 %8Cast formless38 %2 %9Gypsum46 %1 %10Chem icals or PaintHazardous1 %Table 00- Doha Qatar Construction Waste ArrangementSource Qatar Construction Site (http//www.qc-sites.com/)9. RECOVERY OPTIONSThe Qatar aims to establish a wide ranging solid waste management plan aligned with the master plan and with the strong on recycling. Recovery is defined by the QDS in its document, assistance on MWMS as the worth to gain value form waste through recycling, other form of material, or recovery of energy and compositing. The Doha Qatar target to recycle 38 percentage of solid waste, up from the percentage 8 %, and contain domestic waste group 1.6kg/ day, the Qatar National Development Strategy QDS 2001 to 2006 has revealed (QDS 2009). Therefor gives value to waste, and attempts to create a situation where the landfill of waste, becomes an economically un-viable disposal route (Waite 1995).10. RECOVERIES AND ENERGY FROM WASTEThe recovery from waste as well-defined within the Waste Strategy is to achieve done of the followings. The stat utory recovery targets as set by the Doha Qatar Ministry of Environment (MoE) areCompostingRecyclingEnergy Recoveryformer(a) forms of Materials RecoverySource QSAS11. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONsustainable construction is coming together environmental and social duties, and same while successful effectiveness. The important features of sustainable construction are similar to those set for sustainable development. The end import is to decrease a firms detrimental things on the environment. sustainable construction is usually used to describe the application of sustainable development to the construction industry, and balances 4 elements are followingEffective protection deed of the environment circumspect use of natural resourcesSocial growth which recognizes the wants of everyoneMaintenance of high and unchanging levels of economic growth and employment (CIRIA1, 2001).The industry is distinct by a number of subdivisions, all who plan, design, build, alter or prevent the bui lt environment. withal its subsidiaries, those who making materials, suppliers, and end of life occupiers or owners. The entire life cycle of any structure, from initial concept to demolition must be encompassed in the meaning of sustainable construction. Buildings and structures alteration the face of towns and countryside, and their construction, use, repair, maintenance, and demolition consume Brobdingnagian amounts of energy and resources compared to many other industrial sectors, (DETR, 2000).13. WHAT THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY bum PREPAREThere is the first step in moving to sustainable development it is recognizing the strategic benefits of business environmental management can carry and to ensure that commitment to the environmental development exists in company (Welford1, 1998). In business, the concept of sustainability also embraces the three themes of the environment, economy and society. Bring changeover to sustainable construction, individual firms must comprehend and receive the devastating things their activities are having upon the environment, and the place of operating in an environmentally friendly manner.They will then have to commit to not only approving to modification how they function, but unfeignedly set up a pro-active outline for all employees, suppliers, and sub-contractors to adhere to. Sustainable businesses that show social corporate responsibility profit financially through more efficient actions and use of resources expand their corporate image and maintain a modest advantage, (MaSC, BRE, 2005).There are a number of move firms can take towards sustainable construction, as identified by CIRIA, (2000). wee a commitment to character their influencesAim to be the finest and standard their exertionLife cycle cost of products and their impactsCommunicate with stakeholders with environmental and social reports name with others in the supply chain to increase the actDevelop staff awareness through training14. PROFITS OF SUSTAINA BLE CONSTRUCTIONThe ten themes for action discussed above simply make good industry intelligence, e.g. excogitation a project for minimal waste (DTI1, 2003).14.1 ENVIRONMENTALSustainable act can deliver significant business efficiency success.Thin construction and pollution deterrence can create the calculable cost savings.Recycling further waste material will minimize landfill tax and material purchasing costs. purify competency through regulatory obedienceImprove public and aroused particular standing.Evasion of pollution events, averting penalties, legality court overheads and bad public relations.14.2 SOCIALImproving proof of return profits for staff complicate in environmental and social presentation remediatement provisions.Commencing a social viewpoint, financial aids rise from better affairs with the nodes, local groups and other sponsors.Well health and safety performs to develop competence and minimize accidents, saving both managerial time and legal costs and fine s.14.3 ECONOMICALThere are significant chances available to improve or stand marketplace Point.Making and business Doings will not be forced by local opposition, regulatory bodies or client necessities.Improving project supply is essential to construct trust with the clients, improve success and advantage.Inspire mutual, favorable long term relations with the clients.Source CIRIA1, 200115 THE TEN THEMES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONThe essential to develop deed in the construction industry is necessary for it to become more sustainable. Managing and fall the environmental influences of buildings and structures, and the methods of construction, is a common starting for many organisations wishing to address sustainability (DETR1, 2000).Re- use existing built assets, and renovate which develops their sustainability, where likely.Design for minimum waste. Design out waste at all stages of product, building or structure, think about using recycled materials.Aim for lean construction, wo rking on continuous improvement and high quality work.Decrease energy in construction be aware of energy consumption during construction.Decrease energy in use, consider more energy efficient solutions in the design stage.Do not pollute, understand environmental impacts and adopt an EMS or ISO to manage.Preserve and enhance biodiversity throughout the construction process, from extraction of materials to grace buildings.Conserve water resources, design for water efficiency in buildings.Respect people and their local environment, be responsive to community and consider your workforce.Set Targets to measure and compare your surgery against others, set targets for Continuous improvement.(DETR1,2000 DTI1, 2003)16. CONCLUSIONSThe Chapter is generally defining to establish recommendation for Sustainable Waste Management in Doha Qatar Construction industry. The chapter will review the research objective of the dissertation the chapter will then come to an end with an investigation of su itable recommendation of regarding Sustainable waste management system in Doha Qatar construction industry.CHAPTER threeAlternative materials for constructionCHAPTER ternionALTERNATIVE MATERIALS USR FOR CONSTRUCTION1. INTRODUCTIONMaximum of the waste will be produced from the construction industry and the source of the waste is produced must be cognise at the early stage as it will expansion good effect in waste management development. The materials identical like concrete (aggregate), concrete (Block) coat (steel), timber and glass.2. CONCRETE (AGGREGATE)Each sum of concrete waste that is recycled for aggregate in fresh concrete would protect almost a quantity of key aggregate that comes from the countryside or dredged from the seas. Recycling concrete keeps money, and has further environmental aids.2.1 THE KEY REASONS OF THE WASTE OF CONCRETE ON THIS identify COMPRISEunexpected modifications on designImproper proportions of aggregate, water and cementPurchasing too muchOver pouringPumping waste haywire use of material2.2 METHODS IN WHICH TO RECYCLE CONCRETERecycle the concrete and use it as aggregate for other local site as new concrete it will protects/save the aggregate and waste disposal charges.The Recycle concrete waste as sub base in roads or fill-in works.The leftover aggregate can be transported off the site, by the loading vehicles as soon as the endorsed sum has been used on site.concrete-disposalFigure 0 Concrete Waste (Aggregate)Source http//civilpents.blogspot.com/2012/02/recycled-concrete-aggregate.html3. CONCRETE (BLOCK)Approximately 6 % to 28 % of concrete blocks results in waste in construction (QCS. 2007).3.1 THE CHIEF BASES OF THE WASTE OF CONCRETE BLOCKS COMPRISEUnexpected changes on designOver purchasing the quantity ill-judged conduct of the blocks and stackingThe arrangement of the concrete walls and the columns3.2 METHODS IN WHICH TO RECYCLE CONCRETE BLOCKS COMPRISE invest greater pieces for erosion controlCastoff as a substitut e for landscaping stoneCastoff as new aggregate for other sitesCastoff as sub base on new roads3.3 RECYCLING CONCRETE WASTEInitially, when the concrete waste has been elated from the baskets on site to the loading trucks to be additional elated off-site, we need to discover, waste of concrete can be used for it, Then eliminate whatever within the concrete that could grime the concrete, (CIRIA, 1995) and then crush the concrete with a mobile crusher to the size of aggregate, if need be. Then stash away the crushed concrete in a recess area, so no other materials are dumped there. Then use it for other requirements.Construction Waste RecyclingFigure 00 Concrete Waste (Block)Source http//www.ds-crusher.org/sloution/Construction_Waste_Recycling.html4. REUSE OF METAL (STEEL) RECOVERED FORM WASTESteel is an ideal material to recycle. In fact 30% of all steel products in construction are now made from recycled steel (Guthrie, P M, 1997) and the steel waste in construction it is able to recycle up to an approximately 90% of the total (Karim. K, 2000).4.1 CAUSES FOR METAL WASTEOver-orderingFaulty workmanshipIncorrect handlingImproper type of metalScope of cut-offs on siteApproach of workers4.2 REDUCE METALSThe greatest method to decrease any metal waste is to order a made to measure bar from the manufacturer, it would be set for use and will not essential any bay wreath or bending.4.3 RE-USE OF METALSPrincipal is to check the prospects on site, and if it is not, you might stock the materials somewhere else, for it to be used another time. When storing the metal, it is necessary to separate it from other metals. essence trucks are wanted to carrying the metal waste off-site.4.4 RECYCLING METALSThe greatest method to recycle metal is to shift scrap metal by the quantity to local salvage operators, the price of metal differs according to the variety. Materials identical like aluminum will be more valued than say ferrous metals. The metal waste that is made on site, w ill then be disposed of in the according basket, and additional later dumped into the loading trucks for it to be used somewhere else.1641988-91588-james-hardy-altopress-maxppp-construction-waste-rebar-from-reinforced-concreteFigure 00 Metal Waste (Steel)Source http//www.ds-crusher.org/sloution/Construction_Waste_Recycling.html5. lineamentThe timber creation waste can come in mixed methods, from pallets which other goods were shipped with, engineered timber and treated timber. Wood wastage typically happens in residential construction industry and renovation works doings as the main produce. This is faced to concrete waste, which is more often produced in commercial sites involving demolition. other(a) factors such as the geographical location of the site and the framing methods used effect the amount of timber waste made.5.1 REDUCE TIMBERThe method to decrease the timber waste is best that those who are comprise to timber work are proper train with carpentering skill to handle fo r minimal the off cut or incorrect cut of the measurement. All timber are wanted to store in dry area due to water moisture will damage the timber.5.2 RE-USE OF TIMBERMost of the timber that are not completely loss are to cut and store for advance use in storage or un-nailing all other timber after use and move them for more use if are refillable.5.3 RECYCLING TIMBERChipped timber, off cut and damage timber are

The Biomass Power Plants Environmental Sciences Essay

The Biomass Power Plants Environmental Sciences strainBiomass is claimed to be the fourth largest energy resource in the world afterward oil, char and throttle valve and biomass author plants be becoming superstar of the about promising alternatives to the established power contemporaries technologies based on fossil fuels.Biomass is defined as any organic actual derived from plants, available on a sustainable basis. Gener on the wholey identified as feedstocks, these frameworks include wood, from forestry trimmings or wood functioninging systems energy crops, which are crops grown alone for energy purposes agricultural residues municipal surplus such as harry paper, cardboard or food waste and also animal waste from farms and animal processing industries.The proceeds of electrical energy from biomass is described as a degree Celsius neutral technology because the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere when plant substantive is burnt or decomposed during the electricity generation process, is then absorbed once again by young growing plant poppycock. This process maintains the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and is known as carbon cycle.There are currently twain main processes utilise in power plants for the payoff of electricity from biomass and they are direct combustion and hitmanification 2.Direct combustion is essentially the incineration of dry biomass in the presence of air to upgrade genus Oestrus.Gasification is the thermo-chemical transformation of biomass into a combustible gas which is called syngas (synthesis gas) and is a combination of principally carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This process occurs at gamey temperature (700C to 1000C) in the presence of a limited pith of oxygen 3.The heat produced by direct biomass combustion put forward be used to generate electricity using a steam turbine in the same representation as in a coal-fired power plant. The biomass poppycock is collected, taken to the power station and then burnt in the boiler. The heat from burning the biomass is used to boil water which generates steam that rotates the turbines. The turbines are affiliated to generators where the mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.Plants knowing for working sightly with biomass are called sacred biomass power plants. However, biomass combustion can be unite with coal combustion in existing coal-fired power plants. This process is called co-firing and is one of the most profitable ways of transforming biomass into electricity because it makes use of the infrastructure of the coal plant and therefore it reduces the total investment.Co-firing power plants can be designed under three concepts direct, where biomass and coal are mixed and burnt in the same boiler indirect, where biomass is first gasified beforehand the combustion with coal in the boiler or parallel, where biomass and coal are burnt in separate boilers and the processes are connected on the steam side 4.In efficacy calculations, the scale of operation is a very eventful factor. In systems producing from 10MW to 50 MW, the efficiency is in the range of 18% to 33% 5. The maximum efficiencies could reach about 45% in large scale plants producing more than 100 MW 67. In co-firing plants, efficiency of 39% can be reached 8.Biomass gasification process can be couple with a conventional combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant to produce electricity. Biomass feedstock is first dried and then injected into the gasifier. The resulting biogas is purified in a cleaning system and from there the procedure is the same as in a natural gas power plant 9.To produce from 10 kW to 10 MW, biogas produced in the gasification process can also be used in combustion engines with efficiency of 30% 35% 10. At larger scales (20 MW), where gasification-based systems are coupled with combined cycle gas turbines the efficiency increases up to about 45% 11.There are two others processes which can be used to produce electricity from biomass but they are non commercially developed pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion.Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical decomposition of organic material at heights temperatures (325C to 500C) interchangeable to gasification but in this case there is no presence of oxygen. This process generates combustible gas and liquid products that could be used in power generation units or upgraded to transport fuel 12. A carbon-rich residue called biochar is also produced from pyrolysis, and one of the meaning(a) aspects of biochar is that it is a natural fertiliser that can be used to cleanse soils quality, which can potentially increase energy crop productivity.The second one, anaerobic digestion, is a natural biochemical process in which the biomass material is confounded down by microorganisms in a environment with no air, to produce biogas, which is mainly a mixture of more or less 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide. This process can be applied to wet bio mass, municipal or animal waste to produce power generation on situate 13.There are a number of technologies that support the different methods for converting biomass material into electricity, which include drying, pelletisation, briquetting, cleaning and lately carbon capture and storage.Drying is fundamental because in position to increase the energy density of biomass feedstocks, their moisture content postulate to be reduced (Pelletisation and briquetting are technologies to compact feedstocks mechanically, very useful for their transportation system and management. Pelletisation is used for example to compress clinical depression quality wood, and agricultural residues are compacted through briquetting process 14.The gas obtained from gasification contains impurities and particulates that need to be removed before using it in power plants, because these contaminants can cause erosion and wearing in the gas turbine components, and decrease the strength of the system. Conv entional methods for removing contaminants from biogas are typically based on physical cleaning processes at low temperatures ( combining biomass power plants with carbon capture and storage processes (BECCS) to provide negatives emissions 15 is a virgin approach. When the CO2 emitted during biomass electricity generation is captured and stored, new growing plant material will absorb CO2 from the atmosphere reducing the current high level concentrations.The key advantage of power generation from biomass is that it is based on a CO2 neutral process and it can be a clean and reliable power source if sufficient feedstocks are available. It is also a way to utilise waste materials that otherwise would represent environmental risks. Biomass electricity deployment has also a significant social and economic tinct because it can create employment in the agricultural and forestry sector, benefiting rural communities and in general developing countries which economies are based on agricultu re 16.The magnification of biomass power generation faces several challenges such as high costs, low conversion efficiency and availability of biomass material 17. As any new technology, biomass power generation currently requires financial support which make it less(prenominal) commercially competitive compared to fossil fuel based electricity. Biomass electricity production will depend also on technology improvements in order to increase efficiencies at small and large scale. Major concerns are associated to biomass production (intensive farming, biodiversity conservation) and competition for land with food production.Energy from biomass has been used since fire was observed from the combustion of wood, and before the industrial revolution wood was used for all of our energy needs. However In 1890 coal began to displace wood used in steam power generation. During the 1980s decades, high prices of oil and the dissymmetry caused by the dependence on foreign fossil fuels created n ew absorb in biomass energy in several countries, especially in newton America. A large biomass power industry rapidly developed in California, who had 850 MW of installed biomass power capacity by 1985. Due to concerns about greenhouse gases emissions and spheric warming, governments took a greater interest in using biomass as a renewable and clean alternative to produce electricity.Currently most biomass electricity generation is based on direct combustion in dedicated and co-firing steam power plants. Electricity supply from biomass has augmented gradually since 2000, and in 2010 biomass provided 1.5% of world electricity production approximately. Although biomass power generation is still stronger in developed countries, chinaware and Brazil are also becoming important electricity producers in particular from agricultural residues thanks to support programmes. The models established in these China and Brazil could become a viable way to encourage electricity generation from biomass in other developing countries with similar conditions 18.According to the International Energy Agency 19, world electricity generation from biomass will multiply by more than 10 times from around 280 TWh in 2010 to 3100 TWh in 2050 and could provide around 7.5% of world electricity generation. China will become the major producer of bioenergy electricity with 920 TWh, above OECD Americas (520 TWh) and OEDC europium (370 TWh) which will also increase their generation levels.