Project Keep Placement Stabilization Research Paper

support Keep Placement Stabilization - Research Paper ExampleDue to the nature of this intervention, the statistical ingathering of data and facts associated with kid abuse and strike down becomes difficult. To determine how much it would cost to resolve it through the divers(a) stages of the model that could be required. The well-being of the child is important. Although when pargonnts usually the women take in alcohol and seems non to be abusive and not dependent or addicted to drinking. It is stillness possible the conditions under which she drinks may still put the child welf are at risk. A child welfare worker should be concerned about the nature of parent exposure to alcohol and drug use. As noted by The American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV/DSM-IV-TR) that a charwoman should not take in more than seven drinks within a week or triple drinks at a time. Child safety is an important is sue in our society and factors that may act about polluting or exposing the child welfare at risk are not lightly taken. Children are meant to be around adult so as to caution and comfort them in their growing years. Children are good observers and adult should be more caution what they do in their presence. This is part of protecting child welfare. But more often than not, parents or adults under the influence of alcohol and drug might not be up to(p) to control their misbehavior triggered from substance use and this usually has a lifespan perfume on children. Significantly, the child welfare worker should be more concerned with the case of child neglect and abuse by identifying the factors of drug abuse and alcohol exposure. Child welfare worker should be able to support parent influenced by these factors to obtain adequate treatment in the understanding of the recovery model in the view of child safety.

Loss of women's rights in Egypt in the current time Research Paper

Loss of wo manpowers rights in Egypt in the current time - interrogation Paper ExampleEarlier women in the country had certain major rights within their order of magnitude. Some of these were sure enough equal to that of the men particularly with respect to education, marriage and economic status like earnings. In fact, this was quite unlike the situation in other countries where women did non receive so many rights equal to the men in the society (Tyldesley, n.d.). In countries like Egypt, as has been considered for the particular study, the status of women is considered as a broadside and level of contemporaneity. This leads to the development of policy measures and other practices within the society. Thus gender has always played a significant role in the Muslim societies of such countries (Sali, 2010). In the present times, the women in Egypt have to extend with the changes in the social institutions prevailing in the country that have initiated in the country post moder nity (Lewis and Micklewright, 2006). However, in spite of women gaining rights in the country in the earlier times, yet reports in the present times reflect that women are losing their rights as against the men in the country and are being tried to be dominated by the males in the society. Part I Womens Rights in Egypt Place of women in Egypt in the last 100 years Beginning of 20th Century Considering the last 100 years, the Egyptian women could never be seen or heard. However through the recent revolutions, women proved this wrong by presenting themselves and their struggles in actment of the mankind thus altering the conditions of the women in the society. With the revolution during the Mubarak regime, the women participated more in different activities within the society along with performing their roles in their families (Jones, 2012). Before modernism, although the women were not equal with the men, still they had certain rights for themselves. Such rights were associated wi th the marriages, finances, courts, and divorces that were such(prenominal) higher in comparison with several other civilizations across the world (Deif, 2004). With the mass uprising on the streets of Egypt during the Mubarak regime, the women in the country struggled and tried to gain rights in different fields thus trying to predominate equality with the men in the country. As far as the position of women in Egypt is concerned, it was found to be unique since such rights, as mentioned above, were not prevalent in the other civilizations in the ancient times. The judicial and economic rights that they enjoyed were similar to that of the men in their country, although such rights were mostly associated with their status in the society, the link of which could not be determined though (Otto, 2010). Their position in the society depended on their social rank disregardless of the gender of the individual. However on one hand, while moving from one social rank to the other, women c ould move along with their husbands on the other hand, it was possible that a man could divorce his wife and marry soul else who could then get that rank that her husband held in the society. In spite of these differences and status of the women, still in the ancient time in Egypt, self-made women could be found (Picone, 2012). Egypt has certainly been one of the countries that provided the women with certain rights. This is unambiguous from the following rights that the women experienced in the country of Egypt. The women in Egypt had certain rights for their academic achievements. Education was seen by the public as extremely important for women that can lead to

The Grapes of The wrath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Grapes of The wrath - Essay moralHe is in his late twenties and is highly respected by his family. The story starts off with tom being released from the prison. He was imprisoned for four years for killing a man in a fight. Homicide, he said quickly. Thats a big wordmeans I killed a guy. Seven years. Im sprung in four for keepin my nose clean (Steinbeck 13). This shows that he patently has certain violent tendencies. He can non keep his vexation in check, can lose his senses at it being crossed. He also seems to be quite muscular physically. The amount of time spend in jail has, of course, changed his personality but he cannot possibly outlaw a new leave completely and as it is shown later, these former traits come out at variant parts of his journey. tom is also quite blunt he does not seem to be abash about bulk guessing about him having a criminal record. He seems to be proud of himself as a person and very sure of himself. He is also determined and wills things to g o his way. He does not strike to be as an educated person and, in fact, he is not. He cannot read or write though he asserts that he could if he motiveed to. Tom is sly enough and manages to impel a driver to drop him off near his home, easily keeping up with the conversation. There he comes across a preacher called Jim Casy. They get reacquainted, building a new friendship. Casy is no yener the believer of the things as he was earlier. Later in the story, Casy is shown to be a great influence on Tom with certain repercussions attached to it. The two get closer and Casy makes Tom realise what unfairness and prejudice people are suffering through. Well, you and me got sense. Them goddamn Okies got no sense and no feeling. They aint human. A human being wouldnt jazz ilk they do. A human being couldnt stand it to be so dirty and miserable. They aint a hell of a lot better than gorillas (Steinbeck 221). On one of such arguments with the police, Casy turns violent and is arrested. When he is released, Tom goes behind to him. Casy is shot dead by a policeman in front of Tom. To avenge the death of a friend, Tom shows his loyalty by killing an officer. Here, the murderer reemerges. On the way to his home, Tom picks up a stray turtle. An old turtle, he said. Picked him up on the road. An old bulldozer. Thought Id take im to my little brother. Kids like turtles (Steinbeck 21). This shows that despite the tough personality he is intent on showing to others, though he has a volatile temperament, he still is in touch with his human side. He has enough affection for his siblings to want to take something for him to make him happy. In the different areas of the text, Tom is shown as fondly remembering his family. He obviously loves them quite a bit. At reaching the house, Tom is informed by Muley Graves the neighbor that his family know left and gone to Uncle Johns, planning to pack up and migrate to California in appear of jobs. He finds them, time and time again shows his fondness for his family. On their road trip to California, his grandparents pass away. bearing is not easy in the new city until Noah, the oldest Joad child, gives in and leaves his family. Tom now officially becomes the draw after his father. He assumes the responsibilities and is respected by them. It is during these times that Tom starts to look at the conditions in the long run, decides to do something for the others and not just himself or his family. I climb fences when I got fences to climb, said Tom. Casy

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

2 - Essay ExampleFrom Titos story, the theme of family relationship emerges, and one learns about the disadvantages of having scurvy relationship with family. The immigrant, Tito Urena, is portrayed as one that had poor relationship with his family members. He is shown as having not communicated with his family for a long time. Addition all toldy, he was involved in a conflict with one Haydee, who was once his wife, with whom he had unconnected for 16 years (Spack 156).The story also shows the remarkable isolation of Tito during the time of his death, as well as after his death. A highlight of this story is where Tito suffers a heart attack that cuts his life short season in his office. At the time of his death, Tito had no one around him in his office, as he was all alone. He lived far away from his family whom he never contacted. His poor relationship with family could not allow him to constitute any of them before succumbing to the heart attack. Therefore, Tito go ond all alo ne. After his death, no one realized that Tito was dead. In fact, his organic structure spent two days in the office before being noticed (Spack 159). His body remained unclaimed, and save his mistress could be traced by police. Therefore, this kind of alienation and failure to embrace family relationships made Tito live and die a lonely death.The second story, Albert and Esene by Frances Khirallah also bears the significant theme of family relationships. The author depicts Esene, a widow, as having good relationship with her family members and relatives. This story teaches on the advantages of embracing good relationship with family. There are distinguishable aspects in this story that are an evidence of the good relations that Esene had with her family. For instance, Esene shares jokes and a light moment with her husbands, Alberts, sisters that came to visit her (Spack 162). The mere fact that these two ladies, Safiyah and Amelia, visited Esene shows just how strong their

Corporate finance (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finance (Accounting) - Essay ExampleBy capital budgeting of an entity we compressed a detailed planning of capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps in determining whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. When we consider the Research and Development projects of G&H PLC for the purpose of better decision making, we find that the fundamental project evaluation techniques like patch up back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are applicable. The initial cost or initial investment of the project of G&H Plc is 4m, i.e. 4000000.Pay Back Period= 4000000, i.e. ( 000s), pickax A= 4000/468= 8.547 years approximately, and for excerption B= 4000/305= 13.114years approximately. If both options are considered in fact option A has 8.5years and B has more than 13years, but option B has a much higher return than option A, so it should be preferred.Assume that net income for the first year is taken for both options, and there is no scrap taking place. Both these options are not equal since the profit in Option B starts accruing at a much higher level as compared to the profits of Option A. So, ARR fails to give filtrate for the concept of Time Value of Money.1RR= It means, the sum total of cash inflows after throw outing equals to the discounted cash outflows. Under IRR, the discount rate makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Assume that, here, in both options the discounted value is in between 10% and 12%. Take inflow of 10% given in the table above and 12% agent for Option A assumes 750.9 and Option B assumes 1750.3 approximately. IRR= r+ PVCFAT_ PVCO/PV*rHere, PVCO= present Value of cash outlay.

South america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South america - Essay ExampleA characteristic feature of the state of affairs brought about by some powerful economic interests in an environment with weakened or nonextant rule of law is the disappearance of clear boundaries between the sphere of governments/authorities and the sphere of organized discourtesy or rebels. In a region traditionally torn by international disputes over land, resources, or economic paradigms, guerrilla or paramilitary aggroups in one country are often sponsored by the government of a neighbouring country.Over the last years this has been the case with FARC - a Marxist rebel terrorist group active in Colombia, and its ties to the present-day government of Venezuela. The organization derives most of its finance from growing coca (Philp). In their effort to restore the money influx after it suffered from U.S.-backed anti-drug campaign led by Colombian government, the guerrillas invaded areas antecedently unassociated with coca production, doing everything to get the indigenous inhabitants of these lands involved in their trade. As Philp shows in her article, the coca growing guerrillas, a self standing anti-government group thinking themselves to be outside the reach of legitimate Colombian authorities, neer refrain from threats, violence, murder.

American Playwright Charles Ludlam and his impact on the arts world as Research Paper

American Playwright Charles Ludlam and his impact on the arts world as a Ren give birthed Arts Leader - Research Paper Example afterwards this, he wandered to a freak show where he saw a group of armless smuggled dwarves busy painting pictures with their toes.The Catholic Church, with its high pageantry and religious ritual was a prominent posture in his family. Right across the street from his home, there was a movie theater. Ludlam was therefore encouraged to explore his vivid childhood imagination, producing basement and backyard plays and vignettes with other children in the neighborhood (Gary, 2005). Throughout his high school, Ludlam as know as a rebel and outcast and his first formal exposure to theatre was through an apprenticeship in 1958 at the Red Barn Theater, a summer stock company. Here, Ludlam was exposed to the often haphazard, frantic and topsy-turvy theater experience.Ludlam then begun pursuing his interest in theatre arts by travelling to bran-new York where he saw a variety of theatrical entertainment ranging from the commercial to the avant-garde productions to the experimental. The Living theater in particular was of significant motivation and influence Ludlam such that at the age of 17, he founded his own avant-garde arts company which he named the Students Repertory Theater. This was in Northport, New York. afterwards on in life, the multidimensional, prolific artist became responsible for responsible for founding and growing The Ridiculous theatrical performance Company, one of the most unique theater enterprises in America.As the founder of the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, Ludlams work in theatre and film had made him a recognized renowned arts leader. This is mainly because his theatrical work made a break with the existing dominant trends in theatre of down-to-earth settings and naturalistic acting. The introduction of some elements of queer performance to avant-garde theatre was very evident since the administration of Ridiculous Theatrical Company (Wilmeth and Miller, 1996). This was the major stage

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing mingle - Essay Examplea.. password on which elements of the marketing integrate are still being promoted 5 b. Considerations for new developments 5 4. Conclusion 6 Annexes 8 List of references 12 . An analysis of the Pre launching scheme of Cotswold Water Park Introduction. Costswold Water Park Four Pillars Hotel located near Swindon was launched in 2007and had used interconnected marketing strategies in pre-launching. Purpose of this research is to analyze if marketing flakes used by the hotel sustained the supremacy of pre-launch a. Review of the marketing mix The hotel used high level plans related to the marketing mix. Chai, Lee , (May 2009) & MacArthy( 06 kinsfolk 2011) consider the right mix of product, pricing, place and, promotion to be assured of a pre-launching success. It is likened to baking a cake wherein there is a right proportion to come out with a desirable product. b. Discussion of the pre-launch activities. Marketing Team Direct, 2011 of the hote l first considered the creation of positioning and message statements about the hotel. Next, they applied a divide approach wherein they set a clear cross of customers to know their needs and motivations, and travel behavior in order to get an actionable picture of targeted customers. Third, they created activities to support the launch such as marketing and gross revenue tools. Then, they had the partnership strategy wherein they sold the product thru their distribution channel. Next, they ensured that product infrastructure is fully developed. They also wide-awake for the international travelers by designing a website. Last is the preparation for the hotel operational activities and coming up with a price system.(Marketing Team Direct, 2011) c. Objectives of the marketers. Objectives set are to be assured of a ready market or advanced bookings of travelers to maintain operations during first months of opening d .What pre-launch activities are evident? Pre-launch activities were selective promotions to target customers by creating brand awareness, research on prospects data, and securing advanced bookings. Marketing tools used were advertising, fomite graphics and press releases, PR and creation of a company website (Marketing Team Direct, 2011) e. Which elements of the Marketing Mix are being focused on and which are missing? Price, place, product and promotion are the marketing mix used, but the people factor is missing. MacArthy believes people or personnel should be incorporated as an approach for service oriented business like Cotswold.. Their strategy lacked the feedback support. The hotel is a service industry, and much depends on the function it offers. The campaign fails to identify the service culture that indicates customer satisfaction is the top priority and the hotel activity should take the stand these business objectives of the customer. (ITIL Service Culture definition) Bruce Goff (2005), a licensed interior designer for hotel industry, uses the theory of Maslow for cordial reception design that meets hierarchy of needs. On this, he speculates that hotels should be designed to meet the basic needs of travelers whence afterwards respond to higher standards of customers needs. He related the bedding wars of Hilton, Marriot, and Westin Hotel and upgrading of small amenities like soaps, towels, lave that give customers satisfaction. Advanced Services Marketing (2008) said that there are service standards that should be

Journal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Report - Essay ExampleShe went to school for her masters in education and duration in school, the educator position was vacant so she applied and she was hired. She said she normally starts her day-by-day work in the unit to see how everyone was doing. Then she at times goes to meetings or works on educational projects. any(prenominal) of the things she does as an educator include attending to quality control meetings, making sure all the ply members in the unit are up to date on their skills, and plans and organizes programs such as yearly strength skill days. She teaches preceptor classes for the hospital staffs, NRP and pere-natal classes. As a nurse educator she works very final stage with the unit manager and the other educators in the hospital. She also helps provide the OB unit with Researches on exceed radiation diagram to help improve their patient care.My preceptor is modeling the role of MSN or APN which is to influence the practice of the nurses/care provider s by disseminating evidence through education and training, to facilitate the clinical nurses to lend oneself evidence- ground care to their clients and based on my observations I believe I can see myself transitioning into that role by the end of showtime in my program. At this point I would not know what kind of strength I would unavoidableness to develop or anything I would like to do differently since I just started my practicum.2. Placenta Ingestion Is in that location Evidence-based on any health benefits of eating a placenta. Is it best practice or safe to give patient their placenta to take home per request and if so what measures should a hospital take before let go the placenta to

There are a number of problems associated with the rise of English as Essay

There are a upshot of problems associated with the rise of side as a world style - Essay ExampleDifferent factors extend together in attaining such a privileged position. Research personals have pointed out various reasons that wait on to attain the position. In this regard David Crystal has the opinion that the military machine power is crucial. He rightly comments a expression becomes an international language for one chief reason the political power of its people- especially their military power (Burns & Coffin 2001, p. 30). The international economy plays a vital role in determining the approaching of the face language. Due to globalization the patterns of trade is undergoing drastic changes and new working practices emerge powerfully. For event cover version based labour is getting wider acceptance nowadays and it tinges the use of the English language in mingled ways. At present one can observe a perceptible increase in the event of persons learn and using the En glish language but a close examination bequeath arouse that the long term growth of English is comparatively lesser than its former status. The 20th century witnessed umteen scientific, economic, and cultural developments and in fact it boosted the relevance of English as well. But it cannot be expected that it go out last long as there is a trend of wider mixed language use in the recent years. Mainly four sectors can be identified where English may loose its dominance. vocalise for the audio- visual market, computer based communication, the associated processes in economic globalization and foreign language training in developing countries where the regional trade may use other(a) language of economic importance. For hundreds of years the English language has been dominated over the mono lingual speakers but now it is expected to have a bilingual future. Language professionals have the opinion that an increasing proportion of the worlds population will be fluent speakers of more than one language in the coming years. It really will affect the dominance of English over the world population. Social value shifts also affect the language of English in a negative way. The actions of governments, institutions and individuals have helped the promotion of English in the recent years. But it was point by the logic of economic rationalism. Now there is a great change in the cosmos opinion that quality of life is as important as the income. These type values shifts will examination the ethical issues associated with the dominance of a world language like English and cause a recapitulation of its impact on other cultures (Graddol 1997). The advantages of a world language like English are several. For example in business it can be very important as a medium as the business personals working together may vary of their nationalities. There a common language has got such a great relevance and it decides the effects of their dealings. But at the same time it has got certain demerits or disadvantages as well. First of all the existence of a global language will make an selected monolingual linguistic class and they will have a dismissive and complacent attitude towards other languages. Moreover the accessibility of a common language will make the people lazy of learning other languages. They will be reluctant to utilize such an opportunity though they get a chance. Some times the global language can cause the disappearance for a minority language and it may belittle the necessity of such languages. Above all the practice of a single language can be a threat to social harmony and mutual understanding. This has got historical evidence. The American polished war, the Spanish civil war, Vietnam War former Yugoslavia and contemporary Northern Ireland are

American Indian Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ameri abide Indian ism - Research Paper ExampleAccording to them, we get life from this environment and it helps us to grow up. It is a most foolish thing ever if somebody does not care for the infixed environment. It also offers good aspects of life for example interpersonal relationships must be kind and free of distrust, people should exercise almsgiving instead of greed and there should be a worshipful and religious lifestyle rather than implementing on Sunday only religion. 1. Nature and the Physical Universe 1.1. Our Relationship with Natural World Relationship of individuals with the natural world is viewed in different ways by numerous philosophers and theorists. It is specified as an ambiguous and bleary rapport by some philosophers. While at the same time, many theories and innovations contradict with each other. The American Indian school of thought implies that people are the custodians of deity on earth. They are sent to allow in care of this earth and environment . For the sake of reward, divinity has blessed man with a wide range of facilities to get it on with. Humanity factor is also an important feature which affects the social life as well as the environment. In the view of other schools of thoughts and religious opinion, it is concerned that human, humanity, ethics, God, Mother globe and environment are integrated with each other (Smith and Thomas, 29). An individual has to carry its relationship of custodian which is specified by God. It is an implied duty which ought to be fulfilled by everyone. 1.2. Indian Time The Indian concept of time is rigorously ambiguous and mixed as compared to tradition western concept does. It implies that components in this universe are incessantly shifting, moving and transforming. static time concept infuses the Indian notion of time. It further entails the phenomenology that an individual can never step in to the same place twice. It is more significant if the conceding effect of Indian notion of time can be observed indeed. In simple words, Indian time is the notion which describes the wider universality in a sense of continuous shifting around the scope and conditions of the universe. 1.3. Insights in to the Nature of Universe Nature and store of the universe is explicated through several processes and progressions. The lucid insights towards religious and material world may be place differently. Following are the views or processes which provide roadmap to create better understanding related to universe and its existence. Dualism note of the parts prevailing in the universe is based upon two different parts such as being and non-being or mind or matter. Monism this concept provides the basic idea that all is one. The derivation slur of this idea is based upon oneness of God. All that is found in the world is directly related to God. This concept is more concerned with religion rather than logic. Monistic Theism This state occurs anywhere between dualism and monism. Na ture of God is derived as inspirational and subjective both. This offers a personal soul oriented relationship with God in an indifference way. Pantheism It is some kind of extremist view about revealing that all is God and God is all. It permits that everything that exists in the universe is a forceful reaction of emanation of one God. The concept of monism is least complimentary in presence of pantheism. 1.4. Meaning of Mother Earth According to a general view, Mother Earth (or sometimes known as Mother Nature) is a kind of personification for nature. It

Exceptionalism, Isolationism, and expansionism with reference to Essay

Exceptionalism, Isolationism, and intricacyism with reference to videos and assigned readings - Essay ExampleAn examination of a essential countrys foreign policy such as the States is essential in find out the importance of an effective foreign policy. A critical analysis of the American foreign policy portrays an interconnection of exceptionalism, isolationism, and expansionism. A manifestation of this interconnection is clearly seen during the Mexican - American War. This is because the war arguably marks the frontmost steps of Americas rise to a global power.The Mexican American War revolved around territorial disputes between America and Mexico. This implies that the entire Mexican American War can be considered to be based upon American expansionism. This is because America sought to expand its territories into Mexico in areas considered to have some significance. America claimed that the border was at Rio Grande while Mexico argued that the border was at Nueces River. A border at Rio Grande meant that Mexico would lose a significant portion of land to America. In 1945, President Polk sent American multitude under the leading of General Zachary Taylor to the Nueces River to take over the disputed land. Polks actions can be considered to have been facilitated by his spot as provided by Americas foreign policy where the president is recognized as the air force officer in chief of the army and navy. Americas presence was met by opposition from the Mexican force at a time that truism the death of 11 American soldiers and imprisonment of several more than (The Mexican American War, 2006). However, this was followed by a series of other conflicts in Mexico in which the American troops occasionally emerged victorious and consequently the occupation of Mexico City by Americans.In addition to increased expansion interests to the South, America also had keen interest in expanding the Northern borders such as California. This period that saw increased c oncentration on expansion can be considered to have marked Americas first attempts of becoming a

Chapter 5 Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 5 reaction - Essay ExampleI am now more aware that precautions should be observed when communication with others, especially those people from diverse cultural orientations or those who do not belong to the same extension to prevent misunderstanding. The authors style of using diverse real life scenarios to explain points of contention provided clear allegory and support to the arguments. Examples in the form of stories, incidents, and funny communication scenarios reinforce meanings to the lessons that the author aimed to impart. The value of the information in the chapter is measured in scathe of its applicability to ones personal life. As I eff in a Western culture where people are more open, frank, and honest in foothold of verbal communication, I have accepted and adapted the practice of being direct but likewise vigilant in using frames and idioms depending on the situation and the person I am talking to. Likewise, not because I live in the United States, does i t necessarily mean that I have to impose the American culture and way of live to other people from diverse racial and cultural background. The article support in guiding me towards using proper decorum and to be more vigilant in exerting set aside efforts in learning and being aware of critical acceptable and unacceptable behavior in terms of communication patterns and expressions.

Mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Mangment - Essay ExampleManagers find it difficult to budget the property for pay increase of the employees. They also know that employees would be demotivated to know that their hard work would not be rewarded with pay increase or addition of privileges and perks. I think that the greatest challenge for a double-decker in writ of execution management is to track down and record employees surgical procedure throughout the year or interval. Some wrong areas that managers focus on while managing performance include long gaps between performance appraisals, highlighting only the deficiencies of employees with no mention of their good points, establish performance as the only measuring stick for pay increase. Managers are also misled in their decisions by the power and age of an employee. I think active managing performance annually, but believe that this should be conducted much more often, like monthly. The biggest concern is to be commensurate to justify the decisions without d emotivating the employees. This is a concern for me because I am poor at collecting daily records of performance. most important skill in performance management, for me, is accordingly to be able to keep track of employees performance because this is tedious work and seems so unrelated to the organizational tasks at

Methods Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods Project - Essay exercisingarts of the body, the cells ar thought to exclusively be sourced from fetus instead of the adult human being since those of fetus are considered most practic open and important. These cells are important to the human body because they are viable and important within the body of human once introduced. These antecedent cells in the body are able to grow into the different cells found in the different move of the body and even tissues of the body wherefore they enable the body to be able to repair the damaged or worn out tissues of the body. This meat that the bodies therefore have the ability to generate body parts which then immediately replace those parts or the tissues that are partially or completely damaged. The embryonic stem cells are generated in the pelt of a female after fertilization a process that takes either four or cinque days.This is the science that deals with the investigation which is set to establish the cells especially the basic cells that enable the organisms grow and develop. Such cells are collected then grown and developed in the laboratories so that the basic properties of these cells can be established and used to develop the field. Using the findings from the laboratory analysis and experiments the information obtained is used to improve the efficiency of the stem cells (Thomson et al. 13728).One of the reasons for the anti-stem cell research is the perception that people generally have regarding the source of the stem cells that are used in research. The general perception of people is that the cells are obtained from aborted fetus only which is not necessarily the case. These cells are also found in the placenta as well as the blood that is found in the placenta which is an alternative source of the cells without necessarily having to do any abortion. But apart from these two sources the major or rather the main source of these cells is the blastocysts which are basically the human eggs that have been fertilized but not embedded in the womb of a

Reading the Constitution Essay Example for Free

Reading the Constitution EssayIn their essay, How Not to Read the Constitution, Lawrence tribe and Michael Dorf describe the ways the Constitution has been interpreted by different quite a little. Tribe and Dorf make it clear that the idea that the Constitution should be interpreted based on what the framers authoritative enwrapped was is non the way to read the Constitution, it takes much more than that. Tribe and Dorf also explain that justices do not interpret the Constitution in a way that would please the readers (the people) on purpose, because if that were so then the agency of the Constitution would lose all legitimacy if it really were only a mirror for the readers ideals and ideas (p. 49).This authority that people have the tendency to interpret the Constitution based on their accept beliefs. Also, the justices themselves have their let beliefs and their own interpretations of the Constitution, except they should not come up with a decision based solely on the ir own opinions. The exact way to read the Constitution is indefinable, therefore in their essay, Tribe and Dorf instead described how not to interpret it and implied that justices should make wise decisions that are not entirely based on their own beliefs, the original intents of the framers made generations ago, or the expectations of the public now.In the case be after Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, Planned Parenthood was challenging a Pennsylvania law that placed some restrictions on spontaneous abortion. Many opponents of abortion hoped that the Supreme speak to would use the case to strike down the decision made in roe v. Wade, which states that a state ban on all abortions is unconstitutional. The majority of the court voted not to do so. This is a good case for providing insight into the way justices interpret the constitution and make their decisions.Justice of the Supreme Court Sandra daytime OConnor wrote the majority opinion for the case. The majo rity voted not to overrule the decision made in hard roe v. Wade. OConnor wrote on behalf of the majority and wrote in the opinion that the main reasons for this decision were based on the principle of see decisis and the fact that the cases central ruling is workable for the states and does not come at odds with other precedents. Also, OConnor wrote that the enunciate liberty from the statement no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due touch on of law, (the DueProcess Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) includes a womans ripe to an abortion. Thus, the precedent decision made in the case Roe v. Wade that deals with the rights to and restrictions on abortion still stands.Justices William Rehnquist and Atonin Scalia each wrote take issue opinions about this case. In Rehnquists dissenting opinion, his main point upon which he disagrees with OConnor is that the right to an abortion is not fundamental. By this statement Rehnquist means that the wor d liberty in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not encompass the right to an abortion because the right to an abortion is not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Thus, he does not agree with the majority opinion. Scalia disagreed with OConnor and the majority about roughly the same point Rehnquist described in his dissenting opinion. The difference in Scalias opinion is that he believes there is no question that the right to an abortion is a liberty, but he states that it is not a liberty that is protected by the Constitution.Out of these three justices, Sandra Day OConnor would most agree with Tribe and Dorfs essay about how to read and interpret the Constitution. I believe she would be in agreement with them because unlike Rehnquist and Scalia, it seems that she interpreted the Constitution not by what she thought the framers originally meant, but by what she thought would do some good in the future. She also made it clear in her writing that the deci sion by the majority was not made based on the justices personal beliefs. She shows this in the majority opinion she wrote, the stronger argument is for affirming Roes central holding, with whatever degree of personal reluctance any of us may have, not for overruling it.

Role of Teacher on Society Essay Example for Free

Role of Teacher on Society EssayWho argon we? What ar we? A lot of what we are was implanted in us as young children by teachers who cared adequacy to teach it to us. Throughout my life I was taught many of the values I arrive at today by my educators. I was instilled with the skills of how to get along with my peers, knowing right from wrong, and realizing that the best sort to get what I cute was to respect others first. The teachers Ive had along the way have inspired me to become a better person. They have made me recognize how I wish to be like them. I too expect to serve well children realize their full potential.I deprivation to be a person in their lives that they set up boldness back on and say she helped me bank and strive for the best that I could be. In todays society on that point are so many distractions in students lives. They have to deal with family traumas, drugs, extra-curricular activities, qualification their direct in the world, peer pressure, jobs, etc.. When all these things are on more or lessones mind its a good deal lowering to concentrate on school work and rules. I want the students to come to my class with the posture that it is a place of refuge. I want them to forget about their fulfilled lives and see that chequering stinkpot be fun and interesting.I want to make them realize that school isnt just a boring place where the cafeteria food is bad. I want them to be interested by finding something they extol doing and maybe theyll be able to find their places in this world a little better. It is so hard to make students understand how crucial education is. Especially in todays society. I want to hand over and raise their self-esteem so they can become the people they want to be. I want to be involved in their lives so maybe if they are having problems at home they can rule like they can come to me for comfort or help.There are a few teachers who I could have gone to for assistance. I now appreciate them mo re than ever because they made me see hope in people. I want to be like them if not better. In order to be the teacher I would like to be I first want to challenge my students to be the best they can be. I agree with a Nation at Risk when it calls for greater academic rigor, and higher(prenominal) expectations for students. I want to enforce these values in my classroom as well. Ive always been a raw sienna of learning in bases. I found that a little assistance from fellow classmates always assist me further in my learning progress.Thats why cooperative learning will definitely be applied in my classroom. Since cooperative learning helps to amplify students interactions and processing skills it will assist children to strive for the higher expectations that society will put on them as they get older. Cooperative learning can remediate on students grades, self-esteem, personal relationships, and understanding of others. Which I sapidity is a very good incentive to get a line an d promote in my own curriculum. The throngs should be small and circular to promote easy conversation.Within the group the assignment should be shared and the work load should be evened out between how many students there are. If the labor is shared then all students will feel like they have contributed in some way and might take it more seriously if a whole group is depending on them instead of just one person. If a student understands that he or she has a responsibility to do something at bottom their group they will more than probably do it, because if they dont then the individuals in the group might be upset with them and it would serve as an incentive for them to do well.Students often receive encomium or rewards for a job well done in their overall performance. When I obtained praise for my accomplishments I usually always tried to repeat what I did well. Im a firm worshipper in awarding children and reinforcing them when they behave and do a good job. In my classroom, I will try to make students feel like they are doing things right, and maybe they will try and achieve at everything they do. I like the idea of project-based instruction as well as cooperative learning. Trying to have children learn with real life situations is a very good concept.Asking the students higher level questions and having them involved in their own projects gives the students a taste of what real life has to offer. It also excites and motivates students to want to learn. If I combine cooperative learning and project-based instruction in my classroom I feel that it will be an effective way of approaching learning and getting the curriculum across to the students in a fun way. Im aware of the different fundamental principles of teaching. Which include essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, existentialism, reconstructionism, and behaviorism.Each have their own unique techniques of teaching, but I prefer progressivism. Im ecstatic that there was a progressivist movement that stimulated schools to broaden their curricula, making education more relevant to the needs and interests of students. I feel that it was brilliant on John Deweys behalf when he states, as we alter our relationship with our environment, we ourselves are made different by the experience. I weigh that we are changed everyday by encounters we have. Everything we do alters our lives in some way and that makes us who we are.Im a fan of progressivism because it emphasizes the ability to have intelligent drop by the wayside-thinking citizens. I like the idea that progressivism is a hands on technique of teaching. John Dewey thought there should be more observing and experimenting withy the subjects. He proposed a five step methods for solving problems (1) become aware of the problem, (2) define it, (3) propose mixed hypotheses to solve it. (4) examine the consequences of each hypothesis in light of previous experience, and (5) test the most likely solution.I want to apply this styl e of teaching in my classroom and hope that the students respond as well as I think they will. In conclusion, I want to state that I feel strongly about promoting students to excel. I feel it is essential that children are confident about themselves and what they achieve duration they are attending school. I want to present to the students in my classroom that they can feel free to be themselves and try to have them interacting with others. In teaching there are teachers and then there are great teachers. I will prove to be a great teacher

Procurement and supply chain management Essay Example for Free

Procurement and interpret image forethought Es adduceThis legions issue is concerned with the vital subject of commercial enterprise enterprise logistics and affix cooking stove caution, an airfield that nonify be essential to a business firms competitive st arraygy and r crimsonue generation. This monitorment bea has been showd by more than an(prenominal) take a shits, including natural statistical distri preciselyion, cloths oversight, transportation oversight, logistics, and bring home the bacon chain solicitude. Relevant occupancy activities whitethorn include one or to a coarseer extent of the following aras transportation, farm animal, order treat, purchasing, w behousing, materials handling, packaging, node proceeds criterions, and merchandise.The focussing of this Publication is on the think, organizing, and controlling of these activities key elements for successful steering in any organization. Special emphasis is t abateing( p) to strategic planning and decision devising as an every(prenominal)(a) important(predicate) part of the management process. Managerial efforts argon directed towarf atomic number 18ds setting the take aim of the logistics activities so as to make returns and serves functional to clients at the clock and rig required, and in the condition and mixed bag desired, in the n earliest profitable and make up-effective way.Logistical activities start out alship fuckal been vital to organizations, and so business logistics and cut chain management represents a synthesis of many another(prenominal) concepts, principles, and methods from the a lot tralatitiousistic atomic number 18as of marketing, business, accounting, purchasing, and transportation, as surface as from the disciplines of applied mathematics, organizational behaviour, and economics. This Publication attempts to unify these elements to cargon in the effective management of the affix chain.The Publica tion aims to present ideas, principles and techniques that argon fundamental to good business logistics lend oneself. It concentrates on important activities of management much(prenominal) as planning, organizing, and controlling, and also on a triangle of unified transportation, record, and arrangement strategies, which are at the heart of good logistics planning and decision making. Contemporary trends that affect the backcloth and practice of business logistics and cut chain management take a leak been integrated into the body of the text.Firstly, emphasis is set(p) on logistics and supply chain management in a initiationwide setting to reflect the maturement internationalization and globalization of business in general. Secondly, the shift towards inspection and repair-oriented economies by industrialized nations is emphasized by masking how logistics concepts and principles are applicable to both assistant-producing tirms and result-producing ones. Thirdly, attent ion is given to the integrated management of supply chain activities. 1 LSCTMMOD1 maneuver for a turn copy of our course catalogue phonograph record by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. global render College House, Leoville, island of Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 telecommunicate emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk The Publication contains many practical and modern examples that show the applicability of the textual material and assist in the understanding and encyclopaedism of the key transfers and concepts.each Chapter in this Cambridge transnational College Publication on Logistics, Chain add dis beam Management includes An introduction class Examples and/or figures and diagrams to explain the concepts beingness covered A summary of concluding comments Re pile Questions designed to reinforce learning and contemplation of what is covered in the Chapter Advice on How to teach this architectu ral plan E really unmarried CIC phallus approaches his/her study in a different manner, and different flock may get hold of a special(prenominal) study method that they find some effective for them.However, the following is a tested and proven Study Method, suggested to you as a CIC Member in order to assist in making your study and learning easier and enjoyable and to assist you to quickly master the contents of this CIC Publication on Logistics, Chain Supply Transport Management Step 1 Set yourself a flexible study enrolment, depending on the clock time you stir available and what is best for you. For example, the tar commove set could be to study for 1 or 2 hours a night, or for 8 or 9 hours a week, or to complete one Chapter every 2 weeks.There is no set or compulsory schedule, but simply setting a schedule or goal is often an important action in ensuring that study is undertaken successfully and in spite of appearance the contract timeframe. Step 2 Read the whole of the first Chapter at your normal reading pace, without trying to discover every topic covered or fact stated, but trying to get the tang of what is dealt with in the Chapter as a whole. Step 3 Start reading the Chapter again from the beginning, this time reading to a greater extent slowly, paragraph by paragraph and section by section.Make brief notes of any points, sentences, paragraphs or sections which you feel have your further study, consideration or thought. You may deprivation to keep any notes in a separate file or notebook. Try to absorb and memorise all the important topics covered. Step 4 Start reading the Chapter again from its start, this time paying particular attention to and if prerequisite studying much thoroughly those parts on which you ahead wrote notes for further study. It is best that you do not pass on to early(a) parts or topics until you are genuine you fully understand and re atom those parts you earlier noted as requiring your special attent ion.Try to fix everything taught firmly in your mind. 2 LSCTMMOD1 train for a FREE copy of our course catalog book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. internationalist military headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Step 5 There are self-assessment review questions at the end of the Chapter, and you are strongly advised to try to answer or look at closely(predicate) them as best you can but do not send your answers to the College.If these questions/exercises highlight any areas that you feel you need to revise or re-read in the Chapter, then go ahead and do that before moving on to Step 6. Step 6 Once you have completed steps 1 to 5 above, trip on to the next Chapter and repeat steps 1 to 5 for each subsequent Chapter. 3 LSCTMMOD1 shoot d k flatledge for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via ou r website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotectedcom Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk LOGISTICS, SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT class MODULE ONE BUSINESS LOGISTICS/SUPPLY CHAIN A VITAL SUBJECT (based on Chapter 1 of Logistics, Supply Chain and Transport Management by Ronald H Ballou) Contents Introduction note Logistics defined The Supply Chain The action Mix Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain (SC) Costs Are remarkable Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater complexness Logistics/SC Is Important to StrategyLogistics/SC Adds Significant Customer Value Customers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized response Logistics/SC in Non-Manufacturing Areas Service Industry Military Environment melodic line Logistics/SC in the pixilated Objectives of Business Logistics/SC Questions and Problems Introduction As far back as history records, the goods that people cute were not perpetually produced where they wanted to strike them, or these goods were not accessible when people wanted to consume them. Food and other commodities were widely dispersed and were only available in abundance at certain times of the year.Early peoples had the choice of consuming goods at their immediate location or moving the goods to a preferred site and storing them for later use. However, because no well go uped transportation and storage systems yet existed, the suit of goods was restrain to what an individual could personally move, and storage of perishable commodities was possible for only a short time. This limited faeces-storage system generally constrained people to live close to the sources of work and to consume a or else narrow range of goods. scour today, in some areas of the world consumption and harvest-feastion take keister only at bottom a very limited geographic domain. Striking exampl es can still be observed in the developing nations of Asia, South America, Australia, and Africa, where some of the population live in small, self-sufficient villages, and most of the goods needed by the residents are produced or secured in the immediate vicinity. Few goods are imported from other areas. Therefore, production capability and the economic standard of living are generally low.In this type of economy, a well-developed and inexpensive logistics system would encourage an metamorphose of goods with other producing areas of the country, or even the world. 4 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk As logistics systems improved, consumption and production began to separate geographically.Regions would specialize in those commodities that could be produced most efficiently. Excess production could be shipped economically to other producing (or consuming) areas, and needed goods not produced topically were imported. This exchange process follows the principle of comparative advantage. This same principle, when applied to world markets, helps to explain the high level of international business that takes part today. Efficient logistics systems allow world businesses to take advantage of the fact that lands, and the people who occupy them, are not equally productive.Logistics is the very essence of trade. It brooks to a higher economic standard of living for us all. To the individual firm operating in a high-level economy, good management of logistics activities is vital. Markets are often national or international in range of a function, whereas production may be intemperate at relatively a few(prenominal) points. Logistics activities provide the bridge mingled with production and market locations that are confused by time and distance. Effective management of these activities is the major concern of this Program. Business Logistic DefinedBusiness logistics is a relatively new field of integrated management study in comparison with the traditional fields of finance, marketing, and production. As previously noted, logistics activities have been carried out by individuals for many years. Businesses also have continually engaged in movestore (transportation-inventory) activities. The newness of the field results from the concept of coordinated management of the related activities, kind of than the historical practice of managing them separately, and the concept that logistics adds look on to products or helpings that are essential to customer satisfaction and sales.Although co-ordinated logistics management has not been generally practiced until recently, the idea of co-ordinated management can be traced back to at least 1844. In the writings of Jules Dupuit, a French engineer, th e idea of trading one cost for another (transportation be for inventory be) was evident in the excerption between road and water transport The fact is that carriage by road being quicker, more reliable and less subject to loss or damage, it possesses advantage to which businessmen often attach a considerable nourish.However, it may well be that a saving induces the merchandiser to use a canal he can buy warehouses and increase his floating capital in order to have a sufficient supply of goods on hand to protect himself against slowness and impairment of the canal, and if all told the saving in transport gives him a cost advantage, he will decide in favour of the new route. The first textbook to suggest the wins of co-ordinated logistics management appeared around 1961, in part explaining wherefore a generally accepted comment of business logistics is still emerging.Therefore, it is worth age to explore some(prenominal) definitions for the scope and content of the subject . A dictionary definition of the term logistics is The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining, and transporting material, personnel, and facilities. This definition puts logistics into a military context. To the extent that business objectives and activities differ from those of the military, this definition does not capture the essence of business logistics management.A better representation of the field may be reflected in the definition promulgated by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM), a professional organization of logistics 5 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk managers, educators, and practitioners formed in 1962 for the purposes of continuing education and fostering the interchange of ideas.Its definition Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective fly the coop and storage of goods, services, and related knowledge from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. This is an excellent definition, conveying the idea that product flows are to be managed from the point where they exist as raw materials to the point where they are finally discarded. Logistics is also concerned with the flow of services as well as strong-arm goods, an area of growing opportunity for improvement.It also suggests that logistics is a process, meaning that it includes all the activities that have an impact on making goods and services available to customers when and where they wish to acquire them. However, the definition implies that logistics is part of the supply chain process, not the entire process. So, what is the supply chain process or, more popularly, supply chain management? Supply chain management (SCM) is a term that has emerged in recent years that captures the essence of integrated logistics and even goes beyond it.Supply chain management emphasizes the logistics interactions that take place among the functions of marketing, logistics, and production inside a firm and those interactions that take place between the legally separate firms within the product-flow line of business. Opportunities for cost or customer service improvement are achieved by means of co-ordination and col stabation among the channel members where some essential supply chain activities may not be under the direct control of the logistician.Although early definitions much(prenominal) as physical scattering, materials management, industrial logistics and channel management all call used to describe logistics have promoted this broad scope for logistics, there was light attempt to implement logistics beyond a ships companys own enterprise boundaries, or even beyond its own internal logistics function. Now, retail firms are showing success in sharing data with suppliers, who in turn agree to maintain and manage inventories on retailers shelves.Channel inventories and product stockouts are lower. Manufacturing firms operating under just-in-time production scheduling build relationships with suppliers for the benefit of both companies by reducing inventories. Definitions of the supply chain and supply chain management reflecting this broader scope are The supply chain (SC) encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw materials stage (extraction), through with(predicate) to the end user, as well as the associated information flows.Materials and information flow both up and down the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of these activities, through improved supply chain relationships, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. After careful study of the various definitio ns being offered, Mentzer and other writers propose the broad and rather general definition as followsSupply chain management is defined as the systematic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of better the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. 6 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotectedThe supply chain management framework in normal 1-1 viewed as a pipeline shows the scope of this definition. It is important to note that supply chain management is about the co-ordination of product flows across functions and across companies to achieve competitive advantage and profitability for the individual companies in the supply chain and the supply chain members collectively. It is difficult, in a practical way, to separate business logistics management from supply chain management.In so many respects, they promote the same mission To get the right goods or services to the right place, at the right time, and in the desired condition, while making the greatest contribution to the firm. Some claim that supply chain management is just another name for integrated business logistics management (IBLM) and that the broad scope of supply chain management has been promoted over the years. Conversely, others say that logistics is a subset of SCM, where SCM considers additional issues beyond those of product flow. For example, SCM may be concerned with product pricing and manufacturing quality.Although SCM promotes viewing the supply channel with the broadest scope, the reality is that firms do not practise this ideal. Fawcett and Magan found that companies that do practi se supply chain integration limit their scope to one tier upstream and one tier downstream. The focus seems to be concerned with creating seamless processes within their own companies and applying new information technologies to improve the quality of information and speed of its exchange among channel members. The boundary between the logistics and supply chain management terms is fuzzy.Even then, logistics activities are repeated once again as used products are recycled upstream in the logistics channel. A single firm generally is not able to control its entire product flow channel from raw material source to points of the final consumption, although this is an emerging opportunity. For practical purposes, the business logistics for the individual firm has a narrower scope. Usually, the maximum managerial control that can be looked is over the immediate physical supply and physical distribution channels, as shown in fig 1-2.The physical supply channel refers to the time and pos t gap between a firms immediate material sources and its processing points. Similarly, the physical distribution channel refers to the time and space gap between the firms processing points and its customers. Due to the similarities in the activities between the two channels, physical supply (more commonly referred to as materials management) 8 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain.International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk and physical distribution comprise those activities that are integrated into business logistics. Business logistics management is now popularly referred to as supply chain management. Others have used terms much(prenominal) as value nets, value stream, and lean logistics to describe a similar scope and purpose. The evolution of the management of product flows tow ard SCM is captured in Figure 1-3.Although it is easy to think of logistics as managing the flow of products from the points of raw material learnness to end customers, for many firms there is a reverse logistics channel that must be managed as well. The smell of a product, from a logistics viewpoint, does not end with deliverance to the customer. Products mother obsolete, damaged, or nonfunctioning and are returned to their source points for impact or appetite. Packaging materials may be returned to the shipper due to environmental regulations or because it makes good economic mind to reuse them.The reverse logistics channel may utilize all or a portion of the forwards logistics channel or it may require a separate design. The supply chain terminates with the final disposition of a product. The reverse channel must be considered to be within the scope of logistics planning and control. The Activity Mix The activities to be managed that make up business logistics (supply c hain process) vary from firm to firm, depending on a firms particular organizational structure, managements honest differences of opinion about what constitutes the supply chain for its business, and the importance of individual activities to its trading trading operations.Follow along the supply chain as shown in Figure 1-2 and note the important activities that take place. Again, according to the CLM 9 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. ukThe components of a typical logistics system are customer service, pick up forecasting, distribution communications, inventory control, material handling, order processing, parts and service allow, plant and warehouse site selection (location analysis), purchasing, packaging, return goods handling, s alvage and mite disposal, traffic and transportation, and warehousing and storage. Figure 1-4 shapes these components, or activities, according to where they are most likely to take place in the supply channel. The list is further divided into key and support activities, along with some of the decisions associated with each activity.Customer service standards co-operate with marketing to a. Determine customer needs and wants for logistics customer service b. Determine customer response to service c. Set customer service levels 2. superman a. Mode and transport service selection b. Freight consolidation c. Carrier routing d. Vehicle scheduling e. Equipment selection f. Claims processing g. Rate auditing 3. Inventory management a. Raw materials and finished goods stocking policies b. Short-term sales forecasting c. Product mix at stocking points 10 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International He adquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk d. Number, size, and location of stocking points e. Just-in-time, push, and pull strategies 4. randomness flows and order processing a. Sales order-inventory interface procedures b. Order information transmittal methods c. Ordering rules Support Activities 1. Warehousing a. Space use b. Stock layout and dock design c.Warehouse configuration d. Stock placement 2. Materials handling a. Equipment selection b. Equipment second-stringer policies c. Order-picking procedures d. Stock storage and retrieval 3. Purchasing a. Supply source selection b. bargain for timing c. Purchase quantities 4. Protective packaging designed for a. Handling b. Storage c. Protection from loss and damage 5. Co-operate with production/operations to a. Specify aggregate quantities b. Sequence and time production create c. Schedule supplies for production/operat ions 6. Information maintenance a. Information collection, storage, and manipulation b. Data analysisControl procedures Key and support activities are separated because certain activities will generally take place in every logistics channel, whereas others will take place, depending on the circumstances, within a particular firm. The key activities are on the critical loop within a firms immediate physical distribution channel, as shown in Figure 1 to 5. They contribute most to the full(a) cost of logistics or they are essential to the effective co-ordination and completion of the logistics task. 11 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our websiteBritain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Customer service standards set the level of output and degree of readiness to which the logistics system must respond. Logistics be increase in proportion to the level of customer service provided, such that setting the standards for service also affects the logistics be to support that level of service. Setting very high service requirements can force logistics cost to exceedingly high levels.Transportation and inventories maintenance are the primary cost-absorbing logistics activities. Experience has shown that each will represent one-half to two-thirds of primitive logistics costs. Transportation adds place value to products and services, whereas inventories maintenance adds time value. Transportation is essential because no modern firm can operate without providing for the movement of its raw materials or its finished products. This importance is underscored by the financial strains determined on many firms by such disasters as a national railroad strike or independent truckers refusal to move goods because of rate disputes.In these circumstances, markets cannot be served, and products back up in the logistics pipeline to deteriorate or become obsolete. Inventories are also essential to logistics management because it is usually not possible or practical to provide exigent production or ensure delivery times to customers. They serve as buffers between supply and demand so that needed product availability may be maintained for customers while providing flexibility for production and logistics in seeking efficient methods for manufacture and distribution of the product. Order processing is the final key activity.Its costs usually are minor compared to transportation or inventory maintenance costs. Nevertheless, order processing is an important element in the total time that it takes for a customer to receive goods or services. It is the activity triggering product movement and service delivery. Although support activities may be as critical as the key activities in any particular circumstance, they are considered here as contributing to the logistics missi on. In addition, one or more of the support activities may not be a part of the logistics activity mix for every firm.For example, products such as finished automobiles or commodities such as coal, iron ore, or gravel not needing the digest and security protection of warehousing will not require the warehousing activity, even though inventories are maintained. However, warehousing and materials handling are typically conducted wheresoever products are temporarily halted in their movement to the marketplace. 12 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain.International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Protective packaging is a support activity of transportation and inventory maintenance as well as of warehousing and materials handling because it contributes to the efficiency with which these ot her activities are carried out. Purchasing and product scheduling often may be considered more a concern of production than of logistics.However, they also affect the overall logistics effort, and specifically they affect the efficiency of transportation and inventory management. Finally, information maintenance supports all other logistics activities in that it provides the needed information for planning and control. The extended supply chain refers to those members of the supply channel beyond the firms immediate suppliers or customers. They may be suppliers to the immediate suppliers or customers of the immediate customers and so on until raw material source points or end customers are reached.It is important to plan and control the previously noted activities and information flows if they affect the logistics customer service that can be provided and the costs of supplying this service. Management of the extended supply chain has the potential of improving logistics performance beyond that of just managing the activities within the immediate supply chain. Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain Logistics is about creating value value for customers and suppliers of the firm, and value for the firms stakeholders. Value in logistics is primarily expressed in terms of time and place.Products and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customers when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them. For example, concessions at a sports event have no value to consumers if they are not available at the time and place that the event is occurring, or if inadequate inventories dont meet the demands of the sports fans. goodly logistics management views each activity in the supply chain as contributing to the process of adding value. If little value can be added, it is questionable whether the activity should exist.However, value is added when customers are willing to pay more for a product or service than the cost to place it in their hands. To many firms throughout the world, logistics has become an increasingly important value-adding process for a number of reasons. Costs Are Significant Over the years, several studies have been conducted to determine the costs of logistics for the whole economy and for the individual firm. There are widely vary estimates of the cost levels. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), logistics costs average about 12 part of the 13 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk worlds egregious domestic product. Robert Delaney, who has tracked logistics costs for more than two decades, estimates that logistics costs for the U. S. economy are 9. 9 part of the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP), or $921 billion. For the firm, logistics cost s have ranged from 4 percent to over 30 percent of sales.The results from a cost survey of individual firms are shown in Table 1-3. Although the results show physical distribution costs at about 8 percent of sales, this survey does not include physical supply costs. Probably another one-third may be added to this total to represent average logistics costs for the firm at about 11 percent of sales. Over the experience decade, physical distribution costs have ranged between 7 percent and 9 percent of sales. There may be a trend of increasing costs for individual firms, although Wilson and Delaney show over the same period that logistics costs as a percent of U. S.GDP have declined by about 10 percent. Logistics costs, substantial for most firms, set out second only to the cost of goods sold (purchase costs) that are about 50 percent to 60 percent of sales for the average manufacturing firm. Value is added by minimizing these costs and by passing the benefits on to customers and to t he firms shareholders. Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing The Internet, just-in-time operating procedures, and continuous replenishment of inventories have all contributed to customers expecting speedy processing of their requests, quick delivery, and a high degree of product availability.According to the Davis Survey of hundreds of companies over the last decade, world-class competitors have average order cycle times (the time between when an order is placed and when it is received) of seven to eight days and line item fill rates of 90 percent to 94 percent. LogFac summarizes world-class logistics performance for domestic companies as Error rates of less than one per 1,000 orders shipped Logistics costs of well under 5 percent of sales Finished goods inventory turnover of 20 or more times per year Total order cycle time of five working daysTransportation cost of one percent of sales revenue enhancement or less, if products sold are over $5 per 500 gms As might be expected, the average company performs below these cost and customer service benchmarks, when compared with the statistics in Tables 1-3 and 1-4. Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater Complexity The trend is toward an integrated world economy. Firms are seeking, or have developed, global strategies by designing their products for a world market and producing them wherever the low-cost 14 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk raw materials, components, and labor can be found (e. g. , Fords Focus automobile), or they simply produce topically and denounce internationally. In either case, supply and distribution lines are stretched, as compared with the producer who wishes to manufacture and sell only locally.Not only ha s the trend occurred naturally by firms seeking to cut costs or expand markets, but it is also being encouraged by political arrangements that promote trade. Examples of the latter are the European Union, the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and the economic trade agreement among several countries of South America (MERCOSUR). Globalization and internationalization of industries everywhere will depend heavy on logistics performance and costs, as companies take more of a world view of their operations.As this happens, logistics takes on increased importance within the firm since its costs, especially transportation, become a larger part of the total cost structure. For example, if a firm seeks foreign suppliers for the raw materials that make up its final product or foreign locations to build its product, the motivation is to increase profit. Material and labor costs may be reduced, but logistics costs are likely to increase du e to increased transportation and inventory costs. The tradeoff, as shown in Figure 1-6, may clue to higher profit by reducing materials, labour, and overhead costs at the expense of logistics costs and tariffs.Outsourcing adds value, but it requires careful management of logistics costs and product-flow times in the supply channel. Logistics/SC Is Important To Strategy Firms spend a great deal of time finding ways to differentiate their product offerings from those of their competitors. When management recognizes that logistics/SC affects a significant portion of a firms costs and that the result of decisions made about the supply chain processes yields different levels of customer service, it is in a position to use this effectively to penetrate new markets, to increase market share, and to increase profits.When a firm incurs the cost of moving the product toward the customer or making an inventory available in a timely manner, for the customer value has been created that was not there previously. It is value as surely as that created through the production of a quality product or through a low price. It is generally recognise that business creates four types of value in products or services. These are form, time, place, and possession. Logistics creates two out of these four values. Manufacturing creates form value as inputs are converted to outputs, that is raw materials are transformed into finished goods.Logistics controls the time and place values in products, mainly through transportation, information flows, and inventories. Possession value is often considered the accountability of marketing, engineering, and finance, where the value is created by helping customers acquire the product through such mechanisms as advertising (information), technical support, and terms of sale (pricing and credit availability). To the extent that SCM includes production, three out of the four values may be the responsibility of the logistics/supply chain manager.Custo mers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized Response Fast sustenance retailers, automatic teller machines, long package delivery, and electronic mail on the Internet have led us as consumers to expect that products and services can be made available in increasingly shorter times. In addition, improved information systems and flexible manufacturing processes have led the marketplace toward mass customization. Rather than consumers having to accept the one size fits all philosophy in their purchases, suppliers are increasingly offering products that meet individual customer needs.Companies besides have been applying the concept of quick response to their internal operations in order to meet the service requirements of their own marketing efforts. The quick response philosophy has been used to create a marketing advantage. Saks Fifth driveway applied it, even though big profits are made through big margins and not on cost reductions that might be achieved from good logistics managemen t. Supply chain costs may even rise, although the advantage is to more than cover these costs through increased profits. Logistics/SC in Non-manufacturing AreasIt is perhaps easiest to think of logistics/SC in terms of moving and storing a physical product in a manufacturing setting. This is too narrow a view and can lead to many missed business opportunities. The logistics/SC principles and concepts learned over the years can be applied to such areas as service industries, the military, and even environment management. Service Industry The service vault of heaven of industrialized countries is large and growing. In the United States, over 70 percent of all creases are in what the federal government classifies as the service sector.The size of this sector exclusively forces us to ask if logistics concepts are not equally applicable here as they are to the manufacturing sector. If they are, there is a tremendous untapped opportunity yet to be fulfilled. Many companies designated a s service firms in fact produce a product. Examples include McDonalds community (fast foods) Dow Jones Co. , Inc. (newspaper publishing) and Sears, Roebuck and Co. (merchandise retailing). These companies carry out all the typical supply chain activities of any manufacturing firm.However, for service companies such as Bank One (retail banking), Marriott Corporation (lodging) and Consolidated Edison (electric power), supply chain activities, 16 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email emailprotected com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk especially those associated with physical distribution, are not as obvious.Even though many service-oriented companies may be distributing an intangible, nonphysical product, they do engage in many physical distribution activities and decisions. A hospital may w ant to extend emergency medical care throughout the community and must make decisions as to the locations of the centers. United Parcel Service and Federal Express must locate terminals and route pickup and delivery trucks. The East Ohio Gas Company inventories natural gas in underground wells during the off-season in the region where demand will occur. Bank One must locate and have cash inventory on hand for its ATMs.The Federal Reserve Bank must select the methods of transportation to move cancelled cheques among member banks. The Catholic Church must decide the number, location, and size of the churches needed to meet shifts in size and location of congregations, as well as to plan the inventory of its pastoral staff. Xeroxs repair service for copying equipment is also a good example of the logistics decisions encountered in a service operation. The techniques, concepts, and methods discussed throughout this Program should be as applicable to the service sector as they are to the manufacturing sector.The key, according to Theodore Levitt, may be in transforming an intangible service into a tangible product. Problems will remain in carefully identifying the costs associated with the distribution of an intangible product. Perhaps because of this, few service firms or organizations have a physical distribution manager on their staff, although they frequently do have a materials manager to handle supply matters. However, managing logistics in service industries does represent a new direction for the future development of logistics practice. MilitaryBefore businesses showed much interest in co-ordinating supply chain processes, the military was well organized to carry out logistics activities. much than a decade before business logistics developmental period, the military carried out what was called the most complex, best-planned logistics operation of that time-the attack of Europe during World War II. Although the problems of the military, with its extremely high customer service requirements, were not identical with those of business, the similarities were great enough to provide a valuable experience base during the developmental years of logistics.For example, the military alone maintained inventories valued at about one-third of those held by all U. s. manufacturers. In addition to the management experience that such large-scale operations provide, the military sponsored, and continues to sponsor, research in the logistics area through such organizations as the RAND Corporation and the Office of Naval Research. With this background, the field of business logistics began to grow. Even the term logistics seems to have had its origins in the military.A recent example of military logistics on a large scale was the battle between the United States and Iraq over Iraqs invasion of the small country of Kuwait. This invasion has been described as the largest military logistics operation in history. The logistics support in that war is yet another illustration of what worldclass companies have always known Good logistics can be a source of competitive advantage. Lt General William Pagonis, in inject of logistics support for Desert Storm, observed When the Middle East started heating up, it seemed like a good time to pull out some history books on desert warfare in this region . tho there was nothing on logistics. Logistics is not a best seller. In a couple of his diaries, Rommel talked about logistics. He thought the Germans lost the battle not because they didnt have great soldiers or equipment in fact, the German tanks outfought ours almost throughout World War II but because the British had better logistics. 17 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our websiteThe first wave of 200,000 troops and their equipment was deployed in a month and a half, whereas troop deployment took nine months in the Vietnam conflict. In addition, the application of many goo d logistics concepts was evident. Take customer service, for example We believed that if we took care of our troops, the objectives would be over(p) no matter whatever else happened. The soldiers are our customers. It is no different than a determined, single focus on customers that many successful businesses have.Now, you take care of your soldiers not only by providing them cold sodas, and burgers, and good food you make sure they have the ammunition on the front line, so that when they go fight the war they know they have what they need. This meant that when 120 mm guns rather than 105 mm guns were desired on tanks, they were changed. When dark-brown vehicles were preferred over the traditional camouflage green, they were repainted at the rate of 7,000 per month. Environment Population growth and successive economic development have heightened our awareness of environmental issues.Whether it is recycling, packaging materials, transporting hazardous materials or refurbishing p roducts for resale, logisticians are touch in a major way. After all, the United States alone produces more than 160 million loads of waste each year, enough for a convoy of 10-ton garbage trucks reaching halfway to the moon. In many cases, planning for logistics in an environmental setting is no different from that in manufacturing or service sectors. However, in a few cases additional complications arise, such as governmental regulations that make the logistics for a product more costly by extending the distribution channel.Business Logistics in the Firm It has been the tradition in many firms to organize around marketing and production functions. Typically, marketing means selling something and production means making something. Although few business people would agree that their organization is so simple, the fact remains that many businesses emphasize these functions while treating other activities, such as traffic, purchasing, accounting, and engineering, as support areas. S uch an attitude is justified to a degree, because if a firms products cannot be produced and sold, little else matters.However, such a pattern is riskinessously simple for many firms to follow in that it fails to recognize the importance of the activities that must take place between points and times of production or purchase and the points and times of demand. These are the logistics activities, and they affect the efficiency and effectiveness of both marketing and production. Scholars and practitioners of both marketing and production have not neglected the importance of logistics. In fact, each area considers logistics within its scope of action.For example, the following definition of marketing management includes physical distribution Marketing (management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges with target groups that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Mark etings concern is to place its products or services in convenient distribution channels to facilitate the exchange process. The concept of production/ operations management often includes logistics activities.Now, viewing product flow activities as a process to be coordinated, product flow aspects within marketing, production, and logistics are collectively managed to achieve customer service objectives. The difference in operating objectives (maximize revenue versus minimize cost) for marketing and production/operations may lead to a fragmentation of interest in, and responsibility for, logistics activities, as well as a lack of co-ordination among logistics activities as a whole. This, in turn, may lead to lower customer service levels or higher total logistics costs than are necessary.Business logistics represents a regrouping, either by formal organizational structure or conceptually in the minds of management, of the move-store activities that historically may have been partial ly under the control of marketing and production/ operations. If logistics activities are looked upon as a separate area of managerial action, the relationship of logistics activities to those of marketing and production/ operations would be as is shown in Figure 1-7. Marketing would be primarily responsible for market research, promotion, sales-force management, and the product mix, which create possession value in the product.Production/ operations would be concerned with the creation of the product or service, which creates form value in the product. Key responsibilities would be quality control, production planning and scheduling, job design, capacity planning, maintenance, and work quantity and standards. Logistics would be concerned with those activities (previously defined) that give a product or service time and place value. This separation of the activities of the firm into three groupings rather than two is not always necessary or advisable to achieve the coordination of logistics activities that is sought.Marketing and production/operations, when broadly conceived and co-ordinated, can do an effective job of managing logistics activities without creating an additional organizational entity. Even if a separate functional area is created for logistics within the firm so as to achieve effective control of the firms immediate logistics activities, logisticians will need to view their responsibility as one of coordinating the entire supply chain process rather than being just a local logistics activity administrator. To do otherwise may miss substantial opportunities for cost reduction and logistics customer service improvement.The interface is created by the arbitrary separation of a firms activities into a limited number of functional areas. Managing the interface activities by one function alone can lead to sub-optimal performance for the firm by subordinating broader company goals to individual functional goals-a potential danger resulting from the departmental form of organizational structure so common in companies today. To achieve interfunctional coordination, some measurement system and incentives for cooperation among the functions involved need to be established.This is equally true of the inter-organizational co-ordination required to manage product flows across company boundaries. It is important to note, however, that establishing a third functional group is not without its disadvantages. Two functional interfaces now exist where only one between marketing and production/ operations previously existed. Some of the most difficult administrative problems arise from the interfunctional conflicts that occur when one is attempting to manage interface activities.Some of this potential conflict may be dissipated if a new organizational arrangement is created whereby production/ operations and logistics are merged into one group called supply chain. Just as managers are beginning to understand the benefits of interfunctional logistics management, inter-organizational management is being encouraged. Supply chain management proponents who view the area more broadly than some logisticians have been strongly promoting the need for collaboration among supply channel members that are outside the immediate control of a companyslogistician, that is, members who are legally separate companies.Collaboration among the channel members that are linked through buyer-seller relationships is essential to achieving cost-service benefits unable to be realized by managers with strictly an internal view of their responsibilities. Supply chain managers consider themselves to have responsibility for the entire supply channel of the scope as illustrated in Figure 1-8. Managing in this broader environment is the new challenge for the contemporary logistician. Objectives of Business Logistics/SCWithin the broader objectives of the firm, the business logistician seeks to achieve supply channel process goals that will move the fi rm toward its overall objectives. Specifically, the desire is to develop a logistics activity mix that will result in the highest possible return on enthronisation over time. There are two dimensions to this goal (1) the impact of the logistics system design on the revenue contribution, and (2) the operating cost and capital requirements of the design. Ideally, the logistician should know how much additional revenue would be generated through incremental improvements.